Knowledge translation in Uganda: A qualitative study of Ugandan midwives’ and managers’ perceived relevance of the sub-elements of the context cornerstone in the PARIHS framework

listen audio

Study Justification:
– The study aims to address the ‘know-do’ gap in neonatal healthcare practices, which could potentially save a large proportion of the 3.3 million annual neonatal deaths.
– There is a need for in-depth understanding of knowledge translation (KT) in order to bridge this gap.
– The study focuses on the influence of organizational context, which is a major factor in the successful translation of knowledge into practice.
– Previous research on this topic has been conducted mainly in high-income countries, so there is a need to explore the relevance of organizational context in a low-income setting like Uganda.
Study Highlights:
– The study was conducted in a district of Uganda with 20 health centers and a general hospital serving about 1.5 million individuals.
– Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were conducted with midwives and managers in the district.
– The study used the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework to examine the perceived relevance of the sub-elements of the organizational context cornerstone.
– The sub-elements of organizational context in the PARIHS framework were found to be relevant in a low-income setting like Uganda, but there were additional factors to consider.
– Factors such as access to resources, commitment and informal payment, and community involvement were perceived to play important roles in successful knowledge translation.
Study Recommendations:
– In further development of the context assessment tool, factors for successful implementation of evidence in low-income settings, such as resources, community involvement, and commitment and informal payment, should be considered for inclusion.
– Resources could be considered as a separate sub-element of the PARIHS framework in low-income settings.
– These recommendations can help improve the translation of knowledge into practice in low-income settings like Uganda.
Key Role Players:
– Midwives
– Managers
– Health service managers at district level
Cost Items for Planning Recommendations:
– Resources for implementation (e.g., equipment, supplies)
– Training and capacity building for midwives and managers
– Community engagement activities
– Monitoring and evaluation of implementation efforts

The strength of evidence for this abstract is 7 out of 10.
The evidence in the abstract is based on a qualitative study conducted in a specific low-income setting. The study used focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with midwives and managers in Uganda. The study examined the perceived relevance of the sub-elements of the organizational context cornerstone of the PARIHS framework. The findings suggest that the sub-elements of organizational context in the PARIHS framework are relevant in a low-income setting like Uganda, but there are additional factors to consider. The study provides valuable insights into the factors influencing knowledge translation in this specific context. However, the evidence is limited to one district in Uganda and may not be generalizable to other settings. To improve the evidence, future studies could include a larger sample size and include multiple districts or countries to increase the generalizability of the findings.

Background: A large proportion of the annual 3.3 million neonatal deaths could be averted if there was a high uptake of basic evidence-based practices. In order to overcome this ‘know-do’ gap, there is an urgent need for in-depth understanding of knowledge translation (KT). A major factor to consider in the successful translation of knowledge into practice is the influence of organizational context. A theoretical framework highlighting this process is Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS). However, research linked to this framework has almost exclusively been conducted in high-income countries. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the perceived relevance of the sub-elements of the organizational context cornerstone of the PARIHS framework, and also whether other factors in the organizational context were perceived to influence KT in a specific low-income setting.Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in a district of Uganda, where focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were conducted with midwives (n = 18) and managers (n = 5) within the catchment area of the general hospital. The interview guide was developed based on the context sub-elements in the PARIHS framework (receptive context, culture, leadership, and evaluation). Interviews were transcribed verbatim, followed by directed content analysis of the data.Results: The sub-elements of organizational context in the PARIHS framework-i.e., receptive context, culture, leadership, and evaluation-also appear to be relevant in a low-income setting like Uganda, but there are additional factors to consider. Access to resources, commitment and informal payment, and community involvement were all perceived to play important roles for successful KT.Conclusions: In further development of the context assessment tool, assessing factors for successful implementation of evidence in low-income settings-resources, community involvement, and commitment and informal payment-should be considered for inclusion. For low-income settings, resources are of significant importance, and might be considered as a separate sub-element of the PARIHS framework as a whole. © 2012 Bergström et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This study was carried out in a district of Uganda with about 20 health centers providing delivery services, including one general hospital with a bed capacity of about 100. The hospital has a catchment area beyond the district limits, and serves about 1.5 million individuals. The majority of people in the district earn their livelihood through farming. The study was conducted within a larger study with the aim to develop a quantitative assessment tool regarding context in low- and middle-income settings. The larger study is conducted within the Research for Improved Child Health network, and efforts similar to the study reported here are undertaken in Vietnam and Bangladesh; findings from those studies will be reported elsewhere. This study was carried out in a district where efforts to improve neonatal health and survival was ongoing, subjecting health workers, primarily midwives, and managers to change. A semi-structured guide was developed based on the four sub-elements of the context cornerstone (receptive context, culture, leadership, and evaluation) as suggested in the PARIHS framework (Figure 1) and inspired by the dimensions within its three developed tools [22,31-33]. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and individual interviews were conducted with midwives working in different levels of the healthcare services in the district in 2010. Individual interviews were also conducted with managers, for example, those in charge of health centers and health service managers at district level. All FGDs and individual interviews were conducted outside the respondent’s place of work to ensure confidentiality and allow for an open discussion. FGDs are considered a useful method for exploring new areas, because the interaction among group members brings out different opinions about the topic under discussion [34]. It has also been suggested that FGDs are a good data collection technique when discussing sensitive topics [35]. In this study, the FGDs served well for exploring prevailing perceptions about organizational context among midwives working at different health centers. However, they were less helpful when conducted with midwives working within the same unit, because it was challenging for participants to discuss leadership. Therefore, we conducted individual interviews with midwives working in the same unit. During the FGDs and interviews, the interviewers tried to clarify unclear concepts, and summarized the respondents’ statements to ensure clarity. To ensure credibility of our study, we triangulated methods as described above. Triangulation of methods allowed for the exploration of different aspects of the study objectives. Respondents were provided with reimbursement for their transportation costs. Following a pilot FGD with Ugandan midwives, to ensure comprehensiveness of the guide, the guide was used in both FGDs and individual interviews (Additional file 1). At the beginning of each session, respondents were asked to think of and briefly describe how the introduction of new knowledge and change in practice had occurred in their place of work, and throughout the session try to attach their perceptions of the relevance of the organizational context to those changes. In relation to the ongoing intervention to improve neonatal health and survival, several such changes were brought up during discussions, for example, neonatal resuscitation according to guidelines, the utilization of incubators, and the introduction of death review meetings. Data collection sessions were conducted in English (Uganda’s official language) and audio-recorded. Sessions lasted 45–110 minutes and were performed by AB and SN. After each data collection session, AB and SN discussed what had emerged, whether any changes should be made to the guide, and whether further probes were needed. We conducted two FGDs and a total of 10 individual interviews. All respondents were given written information about the study and agreed to participate. Two FGDs were conducted: one with six midwives from community health centers and one with midwives working in the hospital. Sampling for the first FGDs was purposive, whereby respondents from different parts of the district, working under different conditions in terms of distance to the district hospital and number of healthcare workers in the unit, were included. The second FGD included seven conveniently sampled midwives working in the antenatal clinic at the hospital. The reason for choosing this division was that the organizational context differed between the primary healthcare units and the district hospital. Because some aspects of the interview guide, primarily leadership, were difficult to discuss during the FGDs, the study team opted to continue data collection by conducting individual interviews with other midwives working in the same unit. Sampling for individual interviews with midwives and managers employed a purposive snowballing method [36]. In total, 23 (22 female, 1 male) individuals participated in the study; the mean age was 39 years (range, 26–55 years), the median years since qualification was eight (range, 2–34), and the median number of years they had worked in the present place of work was four (range, 1–30 years) (Table 1). The reason for inviting midwives and managers involved in the provision of maternal and neonatal health and survival was the fact that there was an ongoing intervention study in the district from which participants could draw experiences. Description of participants Preliminary analysis and discussions were held directly after each FGD and interview to agree on the level of saturation, that is, when the researcher is no longer hearing new information and ends data collection. The audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim by AB and imported to QSR NVivo 8 software, followed by primarily using directed content analysis as suggested by Hsieh and Shannon [37]. The goal of a directed content analysis is to validate or conceptually extend a theoretical framework or theory [37]. This deductive directed approach implied a more structured process compared with inductive content analysis. Using prior research and existing theory, in this case the PARIHS framework and publications relating to it [17,18,20-22,25], a thorough reading of the transcripts was followed by identifying and highlighting key concepts that represented the four sub-elements in the semi-structured guide. Next, all highlighted passages were coded. Further reading, and employing an inductive approach, as suggested by Graneheim and Lundman [38], led to the identification of additional factors perceived to impact upon the implementation process, which could not be categorized within the initial scheme. AB performed the analysis and findings were then discussed in the research group to reach consensus with regard to what they reflected. Examples of the analysis process are presented in Tables 2 and ​and3.3. In addition, we discussed our findings with peer de-briefers to provide a fresh perspective for analysis and critique [39]. In this study, peer de-briefers included two health practitioners and public health researchers from low-income settings and one Swedish implementation researcher. In total, we involved three peer de-briefers to question the findings from their separate perspectives. Example of the qualitative directed content analysis process Example of the qualitative inductive analysis process Ethical approval was obtained from the Makerere University School of Public Health Review Board and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology. All respondents were given written information about the study prior to participation and written consent was obtained. Voluntary participation and confidentiality were ensured, and respondents were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time. They were also told that data would be analyzed after being de-identified. Data collection was undertaken outside of respondents’ working units to ensure confidentiality and avoid disturbance.

The recommendation from this study is to develop a context assessment tool that includes additional factors for successful implementation of evidence in low-income settings, specifically in the area of maternal health. The study found that in addition to the sub-elements of organizational context in the PARIHS framework (receptive context, culture, leadership, and evaluation), factors such as access to resources, commitment and informal payment, and community involvement were perceived to play important roles for successful knowledge translation (KT) in a low-income setting like Uganda. Therefore, the context assessment tool should consider assessing these factors for inclusion. Additionally, the study suggests that resources could be considered as a separate sub-element of the PARIHS framework for low-income settings. This recommendation aims to improve access to maternal health by addressing the specific contextual factors that influence the successful implementation of evidence-based practices in low-income settings.
AI Innovations Description
The recommendation from this study is to develop a context assessment tool that includes additional factors for successful implementation of evidence in low-income settings, specifically in the area of maternal health. The study found that in addition to the sub-elements of organizational context in the PARIHS framework (receptive context, culture, leadership, and evaluation), factors such as access to resources, commitment and informal payment, and community involvement were perceived to play important roles for successful knowledge translation (KT) in a low-income setting like Uganda. Therefore, the context assessment tool should consider assessing these factors for inclusion. Additionally, the study suggests that resources could be considered as a separate sub-element of the PARIHS framework for low-income settings. This recommendation aims to improve access to maternal health by addressing the specific contextual factors that influence the successful implementation of evidence-based practices in low-income settings.
AI Innovations Methodology
To simulate the impact of the main recommendations of this abstract on improving access to maternal health, a mixed-methods approach could be used. Here is a brief description of the methodology:

1. Quantitative Assessment Tool Development: Based on the recommendations from the study, a context assessment tool should be developed that includes additional factors for successful implementation of evidence in low-income settings, specifically in the area of maternal health. This tool should assess factors such as access to resources, commitment and informal payment, and community involvement. The tool should also consider resources as a separate sub-element of the PARIHS framework for low-income settings.

2. Pilot Testing: The developed context assessment tool should be pilot tested in a low-income setting, similar to the district in Uganda where the original study was conducted. This will help identify any potential issues or challenges with the tool and allow for necessary modifications.

3. Data Collection: Once the context assessment tool has been finalized, data should be collected using the tool in multiple low-income settings, such as other districts in Uganda or other countries with similar contexts. This will provide a broader understanding of the impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health.

4. Data Analysis: The collected data should be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to assess the impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health. This analysis should focus on identifying any significant associations between the assessed factors and the successful implementation of evidence-based practices in low-income settings.

5. Qualitative Assessment: In addition to the quantitative analysis, qualitative methods such as interviews or focus group discussions could be conducted to gather in-depth insights into the experiences and perceptions of healthcare providers and managers regarding the impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health. This qualitative assessment will provide a deeper understanding of the contextual factors influencing the successful implementation of evidence-based practices.

6. Synthesis and Recommendations: The findings from the quantitative and qualitative assessments should be synthesized to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health in low-income settings. Based on the synthesized findings, recommendations can be made for policy and practice to address the identified contextual factors and improve access to maternal health.

It is important to note that this is a brief description of the methodology, and the actual implementation may require more detailed planning and consideration of ethical considerations, sample size determination, data collection methods, and analysis techniques.

Share this:
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
WhatsApp
Email