Low-dose aspirin for preventing intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia in sickle cell pregnancy (PIPSICKLE): A randomised controlled trial (study protocol)

BMJ Open, Volume 11, No. 8, Year 2021

Interpretation

Introduction Pregnancy in sickle cell disease is fraught with many complications including pre-eclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Previously, we found an abnormality in prostacyclin-thromboxane ratio in sickle cell pregnant women, a situation that is also found in non-sickle pregnancies with PE and unexplained IUGR. Low-dose aspirin (LDA) has been shown to reduce the incidence of PE and IUGR in high-risk women by reducing the vasoconstrictor thromboxane while sparing prostacyclin, in effect a € correcting’ the ratio. It has been found to be safe for use in pregnancy but has not been tested in sickle cell pregnancy. We hypothesise that LDA will reduce the incidence of IUGR and PE in pregnant haemoglobin SS (HbSS) and haemoglobin SC (HbSC) women. Methods and analysis This is a multisite, double blind, randomised controlled trial, comparing a daily dose of 100 mg aspirin to placebo, from 12 to 16 weeks’ gestation until 36 weeks, in Lagos state, Nigeria. Four hundred and seventy-six eligible pregnant HbSS and HbSC women will be recruited consecutively, randomly assigned to either group and followed from recruitment until delivery. The primary outcome will be the incidence of birth weight below 10th centile for gestational age on INTERGROWTH 21 birth weight charts, or incidence of miscarriage or perinatal death. Secondary outcomes will include PE, maternal death, preterm delivery, perinatal death, number of crises, need for blood transfusion and complications such as infections and placental abruption. Analysis will be by intention to treat and the main treatment effects will be quantified by relative risk with 95% CI, at a 5% significance level. Ethical approval Ethical approval has been granted by the Health Research and Ethics committees of the recruiting hospitals and the National Health Research and Ethics Committee. Study findings will be presented at conferences and published appropriately. Trail registration number PACTR202001787519553; Pre-results. This clinical trial commenced on 1 July 2020 and the scheduled duration is 2 years. The coordinating centre is domiciled at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria. The primary study site is Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria, its affiliated teaching hospital. Fourteen other public hospitals were purposively selected as study sites because they have specialists that have special interest in sickle cell pregnancy and/or a relatively high number of pregnant women with SCD. This is because the incidence of sickle cell pregnancy within the general pregnant population is relatively low, approximately 1% of all pregnancies.14 15 The inclusion criteria are: Excluded from the study are: Each study site is manned by a trained site investigator who is an obstetrician/gynaecologist, and a trained midwife. The intervention is LDA at a dose of 100 mg daily. The comparison group takes a placebo tablet that looks exactly like the active drug in terms of size and thickness. The drugs are commenced from 12 to 16 weeks’ gestation and continued until 36 weeks or delivery, whichever comes earlier. Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, a reputable Nigerian pharmaceutical company, which currently manufacture 75 mg aspirin, manufactured the active drugs and placebo. The women are sent daily reminders by text message, questioned on compliance at each visit and asked to bring in their used sachets for sighting. Extra drugs were produced to accommodate losses but in the unlikely event that they are all used up, the trial pharmaceutical company will be asked to produce a new pack of active or placebo drug. Participants are being told to report adverse drug reactions early, and the cost of managing any adverse drug reaction attributable to the LDA will be borne by the investigators. Adverse events will be recorded on the adverse event case report form (CRF) as any symptom that starts or worsens after the study drugs have been commenced; the severity (mild, moderate, severe), relationship to the study drug (suspected/not suspected), duration (start and end dates or if continuing at final exam) and whether it constitutes a serious adverse event will also be recorded. Primary outcome is the incidence of birth weight below 10th centile for gestational age on the WHO INTERGROWTH-21st birth weight charts, or stillbirth, or fetal death or miscarriage after randomization, as a composite outcome. Secondary outcome measures are PE, maternal death, preterm delivery, perinatal death, number of crises, need for blood transfusion; complications such as urinary tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection, acute chest syndrome, retained placenta, placental abruption; and potential adverse effects such as vaginal bleeding, epigastric pain and heartburn. PE will be diagnosed based on the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification16 if there is development of hypertension (either systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart) after 20 weeks’ gestation plus one of the following: proteinuria, thrombocytopaenia or any multisystem complication. Proteinuria will be defined as a dipstick test with 1+ proteinuria (≥30 mg/dL) on two occasions at least 4 hours apart, without any evidence of a urinary tract infection. If proteinuria of ≥1+ (≥30 mg/dL) is recorded in a participant with elevated blood pressure (hypertension), urine specimen will be collected for urinary protein to creatinine ratio estimation (UPCR) to confirm if proteinuria is significant and a value of 30 mg/mmol will be considered to be significant. Thrombocytopaenia will be defined as a platelet count of <100 000/mm3. Eligible participants are being enrolled at 12–16 weeks gestational age and followed up until delivery (table 1). Study time frame Assuming an incidence of IUGR of 20% in SCD17 18 and expecting a 50% IUGR reduction with the use of LDA as detected by Bujold et al,19 we calculated that 198 women per group would be required to have an 80% power of detecting a decrease in IUGR at the 5% significance level, with a total of 396, using the formula for proportions in superiority parallel trials.20 Allowing for 20% attrition brings the total sample size to 476. The women are being recruited from the antenatal clinics of the hospitals with a purposive sampling method that is, consecutively as long as they meet the eligibility criteria. A screening log is being maintained at all study sites and includes details of all screened pregnant HbSS and HbSC women. Only those that meet the eligibility criteria are recruited and have their details entered in the enrollment log. This is accomplished by a web-based software, ‘Sealed envelope’ in a 1:1 ratio in blocks stratified according to site. Sealed envelope has generated a randomisation code list, shared only with the unblinded pharmacist by email. The code list is in blocks of four, each code is pasted on the appropriate drug kit and the drug kits are sent out in blocks of four to each site by the unblinded pharmacist. Once the drugs with their attached codes are received by each site, the site coordinator informs the Principal Investigator (PI), who loads the appropriate codes onto the system. As each new patient is recruited from a particular site, her details are entered into the randomisation software using an electronic hand-held computing device and a code is generated, which will be one of the codes that were sent to the site. She is then given tablets from the box of drugs that carries the generated code. Only an unblinded pharmacist, who is not in contact with the participants, is aware of the actual codes. Emergency unblinding will only happen if a participant suffers a severe adverse drug reaction that is adjudged to be life threatening and suspected to be related to aspirin. All site coordinators and their research nurses were trained on the trial protocol, research ethics and issues relating to protocol violation and deviation, prior to commencement of this randomised controlled trial (RCT). Once a participant is recruited, the recruitment number is retrieved from the joint database and written on her notes. The parcel corresponding to her recruitment number is opened and she is given a 2-week pack (or 4-week pack depending on the appointment interval) of the drugs within the parcel. The tablets are prepared in sachets and dispensed in 2–4 weekly doses. Each woman who self-reports or is found to have SCD on routine haemoglobin genotype testing will have a confirmatory haemoglobin electrophoresis done. This is to ensure a uniform diagnosis and to be certain of the exact sickle cell phenotype. Every woman with HbSS or HbSC that fits the eligibility criteria and gives informed consent is consecutively recruited. Their haemoglobin fraction is assayed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography at enrolment. Their full blood count is also done at enrolment. The women are seen at intervals of 2–4 weeks at the antenatal clinic up till 28 weeks and then weekly thereafter till delivery. We measure their body weight, blood pressures, haemoglobin concentration and urinalysis for protein and glucose at every visit. If proteinuria of ≥1+ (≥30 mg/dL) is recorded in a participant with elevated blood pressure (hypertension), urine specimen will be collected for UPCR to confirm if proteinuria is significant and a value of 30 mg/mmol and above is considered to be significant. They have urinalysis done at booking and at every visit; and venous blood full blood count is done at booking and at delivery. Their oxygen saturation will be monitored in addition to other vital signs such as pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature and respiratory rates at every visit and whenever they are admitted to the hospital. At delivery, the babies will be weighed naked to determine if they have low birth weight based on the WHO INTERGROWTH-21st Chart. Following delivery, placental biopsies will be taken for histology to identify abnormalities that might be associated with some pregnancy complications such as PE and IUGR as well as the sickling process. The participants’ phone numbers and addresses as well as phone numbers of their spouse and phone numbers and addresses of two close relatives will be recorded at enrolment. In the event that they do not attend their appointed clinic, the research nurse will send reminder text messages, make phone calls or visit them at home if necessary. Data will be entered directly with assigned codes. The data file will be accessible by the PI and the statistician. Data will be captured in electronic CRFs (e-CRFs) at various patient visit types and uploaded real time to the central server after being checked by the site coordinator. They will follow the guidelines specified in the Standard Operating Procedure developed by the Data handling and communications committee for data collection, data entry and transmission, data compilation and management and data quality and security. Data analysis will be by intention-to-treat. Categorical variables will be expressed as frequencies and percentages. For continuous variables, a Shapiro-Wilk test of normality will be performed and normally distributed data will be presented as means±95% CI, while non-normally distributed data will be presented as median and IQR. It is not expected to have missing data in this study but in the event of missing data, it will be shown descriptively and bivariate analysis of the comparison of missing data among the intervention and control group will be conducted. If the percentage of missing values is more than 10%, sensitivity analyses will be done based on multiple imputation of the missing data. The risk of occurrence of IUGR, perinatal death and other key outcome variables will be computed and compared in both groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis will be performed to determine the odds of each of the key outcomes among women who received the intervention with respect to those who did not, after controlling for common confounders. This will be presented as regression coefficients and their 95% CI. Level of significance will be set at 5%. Post-regression analysis will be performed to determine the goodness-of-fit of the final model. Two-tailed test of hypothesis will be assumed. Descriptive and bivariate analysis of the adherence pattern will be conducted. Sensitivity analysis will be performed to account for the potential for bias based on non-adherence to treatment by conducting propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting. STATA V.15.0 (StataCorp LP) or other suitable software will be used for statistical analysis. An interim analysis will be done after the 50th participant has completed the study. Apart from the administrative core which consists of the PI and a full time project coordinator, other formal committees that will play key roles in monitoring the project are the Steering Committee (SC), Clinical Trial Monitors and the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC). The Administrative Core provides administrative oversight and management of the research study and coordinates all internal and external meetings of investigators and staff. The SC will ensure a successful delivery of the project, maximising the benefits from the projects and ensuring the approved methodology is followed. This committee will provide cross-functional leadership and direction, provide project management governance, and accept responsibility for the project strategy and the overall benefit realisation of the project. The SC will comprise the PI, all co-investigators, project site coordinators as may be appointed and a patient representative. The SC will monitor project progress by holding a bi-weekly on-line meeting (Zoom/Skype) to evaluate enrolment rate, challenges and issues as they arise. The committee will also hold a bi-annual face to face meeting to monitor and evaluate progress and ensure compliance with regulatory, fiscal and reporting requirements. The clinical monitors are responsible for trial monitoring. Their role is to verify that the rights and well-being of human subjects are protected; that the reported trial data are accurate, complete and verifiable from source documents; and that the conduct of the trial is in compliance with the currently approved protocol/amendment(s), with Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and with the applicable regulatory requirement(s). They conducted pre-trial monitoring visits to ensure each centre and their site coordinators were ready; they delivered study material, documents and products and made sure the investigational team understood the protocol and GCP requirement. They will also conduct routine monitoring visits to make sure the study is conducted according to the protocol and GCP and help the investigational team in solving problems; and a close-out visit to make sure the investigator file is archived properly and collect back all unused material, documents or products. Appointed members of the SC will be trained in GCP and research monitoring to perform the duties of clinical monitors. A site monitoring visit log will be maintained at the study site in which all visits made by authorised individuals are recorded. All clinical records and the e-CRFs for all the participants enrolled in this study will be made available for review to authorised individuals. The DSMC is an independent external monitoring committee made up of three members including an obstetrician, a haematologist and a statistician. The committee members will meet at a minimum once before the study begins and every 6 months during the study. An interim analysis will be done by the DSMC after the 50th participant has completed the study in order to assess progress of the RCT, recruitment rate, effect of drugs and decide whether or not to modify, terminate or continue the clinical trial. The monitoring teams shall ensure that the participants’ rights are protected and that no patient suffers undue harm in the course of the RCT. Auditing of research records will be done by the monitoring committees as outlined above, while financial auditing will be done by the Research Management Office and Audit Department of University of Lagos. We interviewed five current and former pregnant women with SCD, asking about pregnancy problems, potential participation in such a study and advice on unaddressed issues. Feedback included concerns about whether the intervention had long term effects or could cause miscarriage. All the patients consented to participate if eligible and one of them attends monthly meetings of the study site coordinators. The results of the study will be communicated directly to the participants by the research nurses, physically as well as by email and Whatsapp messages. Ethical approvals were granted by the Health Research and Ethics committees of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba (HREC No. ADM/DST/HREC/APP/3301), Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, LASUTH (Ref. No. LREC/06/10/1318), Federal Medical Centre, Ebute Metta (Ref. No. FMCEB/RET/0052) and the Health Service Commission of Lagos State for the use of the 12 General Hospitals within the state as study sites (LSHSC/2222/VOLIII). Approval has also been granted by the National Health Research and Ethics Committee (NHREC Approval No. NHREC/01/01/2007-04/12/2020). All participating women will sign the study’s informed consent form prior to entry into the study. They will be told that they have the right to decide whether or not to partake in the trial and the freedom to withdraw during the course of the study if they so wish. All data will be kept strictly confidential. The site coordinator of each centre will collect all the data at his/her facility and send it to the principal investigator at periodic intervals. This will be stored securely in a central electronic database by the principal investigator who will be the only one with access to the data of all participants collated centrally. The statistician will be granted access to the electronic database during statistical analysis or at any other time the principal investigator might require her to review the data. None of the women will be made to pay for any aspect of the study as the medication for the research will be given at no cost throughout the pregnancy. All investigations pertaining to this research will also be conducted at no cost to the participants. This proposed research poses minimal or no risk to both mother and baby. Blood specimen collection might cause minimal discomfort in form of pain. For this reason, all the blood specimen collection will be made as comfortable as possible for the women. The participants will enjoy equal rights and quality care all through the duration of the research. We will store the data and deposit it in ‘Open Science Framework’, after approval is obtained from the ethics committee. We will also provide metadata along with the data to describe it. Most of these data will have value to other research users but we will not share the identifying personal biodata such as home address, phone numbers or occupation. We will share the data at the time of publication of our first paper. We will share the assigned DOI number, the Open Science Framework website details and our approach to data sharing as an appendix to our publications to aid accessibility. We will also share these at any conference presentations and our study website, as well as local meetings and conferences of our Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The findings of this study will be presented at conferences (both international and local) so as to disseminate them to a large body of professionals in the field of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. We will also publish them in high impact peer reviewed journals for wider dissemination of information. The findings will be used in counselling pregnant women with SCD at the various antenatal clinics on complications associated with the disease and preventive measures that may be employed. Charts will be created to facilitate counselling at the various antenatal clinics. We will issue press releases about the findings of the study. Patients with SCD and members of the public were involved in the conduct and design of this study and will be included in its dissemination.

AI Digest

Study Justification:

– Pregnancy in sickle cell disease is associated with complications such as pre-eclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
– Low-dose aspirin (LDA) has been shown to reduce the incidence of PE and IUGR in high-risk women.
– However, LDA has not been tested in sickle cell pregnancy.
– This study aims to investigate whether LDA can reduce the incidence of IUGR and PE in pregnant women with sickle cell disease.

Study Highlights:

– Multisite, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
– Participants: 476 eligible pregnant women with sickle cell disease.
– Intervention: Daily dose of 100 mg aspirin compared to placebo.
– Primary outcome: Incidence of birth weight below 10th centile for gestational age or miscarriage/perinatal death.
– Secondary outcomes: PE, maternal death, preterm delivery, perinatal death, number of crises, need for blood transfusion, and complications.
– Ethical approval obtained from relevant committees.
– Study findings will be presented at conferences and published appropriately.

Recommendations for Lay Reader and Policy Maker:

– Low-dose aspirin may be a potential intervention to reduce the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia in pregnant women with sickle cell disease.
– The study is a rigorous randomized controlled trial involving 476 participants.
– The primary outcome is the incidence of birth weight below the 10th centile for gestational age or miscarriage/perinatal death.
– Secondary outcomes include other pregnancy complications and adverse events.
– Ethical approval has been obtained, and the study findings will be disseminated through conferences and publications.

Key Role Players:

– Principal Investigator and project coordinator for administrative oversight and management.
– Steering Committee for project leadership and direction.
– Clinical Trial Monitors for trial monitoring and ensuring compliance.
– Data and Safety Monitoring Committee for independent monitoring and interim analysis.
– Obstetricians, haematologists, and statisticians for expertise in specific areas.

Cost Items for Planning Recommendations:

– Manufacturing of active drugs and placebo by Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited.
– Production of extra drugs to accommodate losses.
– Management of adverse drug reactions attributable to LDA.
– Training of site coordinators and research nurses.
– Data handling and communications committee for data management.
– Clinical monitors for trial monitoring.
– Auditing of research records and financial auditing.
– Dissemination of findings through conferences, publications, and press releases.
Please note that the provided information is based on the given description and may not include all details of the study.

Strength of Evidence

The strength of evidence for this abstract is 8 out of 10.
The evidence in the abstract is strong because it describes a randomized controlled trial with a clear research question, study design, and primary and secondary outcomes. The trial has a large sample size and includes multiple study sites. However, to improve the evidence, the abstract could provide more details on the randomization process, blinding, and statistical analysis plan.

Abstract

This clinical trial commenced on 1 July 2020 and the scheduled duration is 2 years. The coordinating centre is domiciled at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria. The primary study site is Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria, its affiliated teaching hospital. Fourteen other public hospitals were purposively selected as study sites because they have specialists that have special interest in sickle cell pregnancy and/or a relatively high number of pregnant women with SCD. This is because the incidence of sickle cell pregnancy within the general pregnant population is relatively low, approximately 1% of all pregnancies.14 15 The inclusion criteria are: Excluded from the study are: Each study site is manned by a trained site investigator who is an obstetrician/gynaecologist, and a trained midwife. The intervention is LDA at a dose of 100 mg daily. The comparison group takes a placebo tablet that looks exactly like the active drug in terms of size and thickness. The drugs are commenced from 12 to 16 weeks’ gestation and continued until 36 weeks or delivery, whichever comes earlier. Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, a reputable Nigerian pharmaceutical company, which currently manufacture 75 mg aspirin, manufactured the active drugs and placebo. The women are sent daily reminders by text message, questioned on compliance at each visit and asked to bring in their used sachets for sighting. Extra drugs were produced to accommodate losses but in the unlikely event that they are all used up, the trial pharmaceutical company will be asked to produce a new pack of active or placebo drug. Participants are being told to report adverse drug reactions early, and the cost of managing any adverse drug reaction attributable to the LDA will be borne by the investigators. Adverse events will be recorded on the adverse event case report form (CRF) as any symptom that starts or worsens after the study drugs have been commenced; the severity (mild, moderate, severe), relationship to the study drug (suspected/not suspected), duration (start and end dates or if continuing at final exam) and whether it constitutes a serious adverse event will also be recorded. Primary outcome is the incidence of birth weight below 10th centile for gestational age on the WHO INTERGROWTH-21st birth weight charts, or stillbirth, or fetal death or miscarriage after randomization, as a composite outcome. Secondary outcome measures are PE, maternal death, preterm delivery, perinatal death, number of crises, need for blood transfusion; complications such as urinary tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection, acute chest syndrome, retained placenta, placental abruption; and potential adverse effects such as vaginal bleeding, epigastric pain and heartburn. PE will be diagnosed based on the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification16 if there is development of hypertension (either systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart) after 20 weeks’ gestation plus one of the following: proteinuria, thrombocytopaenia or any multisystem complication. Proteinuria will be defined as a dipstick test with 1+ proteinuria (≥30 mg/dL) on two occasions at least 4 hours apart, without any evidence of a urinary tract infection. If proteinuria of ≥1+ (≥30 mg/dL) is recorded in a participant with elevated blood pressure (hypertension), urine specimen will be collected for urinary protein to creatinine ratio estimation (UPCR) to confirm if proteinuria is significant and a value of 30 mg/mmol will be considered to be significant. Thrombocytopaenia will be defined as a platelet count of <100 000/mm3. Eligible participants are being enrolled at 12–16 weeks gestational age and followed up until delivery (table 1). Study time frame Assuming an incidence of IUGR of 20% in SCD17 18 and expecting a 50% IUGR reduction with the use of LDA as detected by Bujold et al,19 we calculated that 198 women per group would be required to have an 80% power of detecting a decrease in IUGR at the 5% significance level, with a total of 396, using the formula for proportions in superiority parallel trials.20 Allowing for 20% attrition brings the total sample size to 476. The women are being recruited from the antenatal clinics of the hospitals with a purposive sampling method that is, consecutively as long as they meet the eligibility criteria. A screening log is being maintained at all study sites and includes details of all screened pregnant HbSS and HbSC women. Only those that meet the eligibility criteria are recruited and have their details entered in the enrollment log. This is accomplished by a web-based software, ‘Sealed envelope’ in a 1:1 ratio in blocks stratified according to site. Sealed envelope has generated a randomisation code list, shared only with the unblinded pharmacist by email. The code list is in blocks of four, each code is pasted on the appropriate drug kit and the drug kits are sent out in blocks of four to each site by the unblinded pharmacist. Once the drugs with their attached codes are received by each site, the site coordinator informs the Principal Investigator (PI), who loads the appropriate codes onto the system. As each new patient is recruited from a particular site, her details are entered into the randomisation software using an electronic hand-held computing device and a code is generated, which will be one of the codes that were sent to the site. She is then given tablets from the box of drugs that carries the generated code. Only an unblinded pharmacist, who is not in contact with the participants, is aware of the actual codes. Emergency unblinding will only happen if a participant suffers a severe adverse drug reaction that is adjudged to be life threatening and suspected to be related to aspirin. All site coordinators and their research nurses were trained on the trial protocol, research ethics and issues relating to protocol violation and deviation, prior to commencement of this randomised controlled trial (RCT). Once a participant is recruited, the recruitment number is retrieved from the joint database and written on her notes. The parcel corresponding to her recruitment number is opened and she is given a 2-week pack (or 4-week pack depending on the appointment interval) of the drugs within the parcel. The tablets are prepared in sachets and dispensed in 2–4 weekly doses. Each woman who self-reports or is found to have SCD on routine haemoglobin genotype testing will have a confirmatory haemoglobin electrophoresis done. This is to ensure a uniform diagnosis and to be certain of the exact sickle cell phenotype. Every woman with HbSS or HbSC that fits the eligibility criteria and gives informed consent is consecutively recruited. Their haemoglobin fraction is assayed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography at enrolment. Their full blood count is also done at enrolment. The women are seen at intervals of 2–4 weeks at the antenatal clinic up till 28 weeks and then weekly thereafter till delivery. We measure their body weight, blood pressures, haemoglobin concentration and urinalysis for protein and glucose at every visit. If proteinuria of ≥1+ (≥30 mg/dL) is recorded in a participant with elevated blood pressure (hypertension), urine specimen will be collected for UPCR to confirm if proteinuria is significant and a value of 30 mg/mmol and above is considered to be significant. They have urinalysis done at booking and at every visit; and venous blood full blood count is done at booking and at delivery. Their oxygen saturation will be monitored in addition to other vital signs such as pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature and respiratory rates at every visit and whenever they are admitted to the hospital. At delivery, the babies will be weighed naked to determine if they have low birth weight based on the WHO INTERGROWTH-21st Chart. Following delivery, placental biopsies will be taken for histology to identify abnormalities that might be associated with some pregnancy complications such as PE and IUGR as well as the sickling process. The participants’ phone numbers and addresses as well as phone numbers of their spouse and phone numbers and addresses of two close relatives will be recorded at enrolment. In the event that they do not attend their appointed clinic, the research nurse will send reminder text messages, make phone calls or visit them at home if necessary. Data will be entered directly with assigned codes. The data file will be accessible by the PI and the statistician. Data will be captured in electronic CRFs (e-CRFs) at various patient visit types and uploaded real time to the central server after being checked by the site coordinator. They will follow the guidelines specified in the Standard Operating Procedure developed by the Data handling and communications committee for data collection, data entry and transmission, data compilation and management and data quality and security. Data analysis will be by intention-to-treat. Categorical variables will be expressed as frequencies and percentages. For continuous variables, a Shapiro-Wilk test of normality will be performed and normally distributed data will be presented as means±95% CI, while non-normally distributed data will be presented as median and IQR. It is not expected to have missing data in this study but in the event of missing data, it will be shown descriptively and bivariate analysis of the comparison of missing data among the intervention and control group will be conducted. If the percentage of missing values is more than 10%, sensitivity analyses will be done based on multiple imputation of the missing data. The risk of occurrence of IUGR, perinatal death and other key outcome variables will be computed and compared in both groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis will be performed to determine the odds of each of the key outcomes among women who received the intervention with respect to those who did not, after controlling for common confounders. This will be presented as regression coefficients and their 95% CI. Level of significance will be set at 5%. Post-regression analysis will be performed to determine the goodness-of-fit of the final model. Two-tailed test of hypothesis will be assumed. Descriptive and bivariate analysis of the adherence pattern will be conducted. Sensitivity analysis will be performed to account for the potential for bias based on non-adherence to treatment by conducting propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting. STATA V.15.0 (StataCorp LP) or other suitable software will be used for statistical analysis. An interim analysis will be done after the 50th participant has completed the study. Apart from the administrative core which consists of the PI and a full time project coordinator, other formal committees that will play key roles in monitoring the project are the Steering Committee (SC), Clinical Trial Monitors and the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC). The Administrative Core provides administrative oversight and management of the research study and coordinates all internal and external meetings of investigators and staff. The SC will ensure a successful delivery of the project, maximising the benefits from the projects and ensuring the approved methodology is followed. This committee will provide cross-functional leadership and direction, provide project management governance, and accept responsibility for the project strategy and the overall benefit realisation of the project. The SC will comprise the PI, all co-investigators, project site coordinators as may be appointed and a patient representative. The SC will monitor project progress by holding a bi-weekly on-line meeting (Zoom/Skype) to evaluate enrolment rate, challenges and issues as they arise. The committee will also hold a bi-annual face to face meeting to monitor and evaluate progress and ensure compliance with regulatory, fiscal and reporting requirements. The clinical monitors are responsible for trial monitoring. Their role is to verify that the rights and well-being of human subjects are protected; that the reported trial data are accurate, complete and verifiable from source documents; and that the conduct of the trial is in compliance with the currently approved protocol/amendment(s), with Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and with the applicable regulatory requirement(s). They conducted pre-trial monitoring visits to ensure each centre and their site coordinators were ready; they delivered study material, documents and products and made sure the investigational team understood the protocol and GCP requirement. They will also conduct routine monitoring visits to make sure the study is conducted according to the protocol and GCP and help the investigational team in solving problems; and a close-out visit to make sure the investigator file is archived properly and collect back all unused material, documents or products. Appointed members of the SC will be trained in GCP and research monitoring to perform the duties of clinical monitors. A site monitoring visit log will be maintained at the study site in which all visits made by authorised individuals are recorded. All clinical records and the e-CRFs for all the participants enrolled in this study will be made available for review to authorised individuals. The DSMC is an independent external monitoring committee made up of three members including an obstetrician, a haematologist and a statistician. The committee members will meet at a minimum once before the study begins and every 6 months during the study. An interim analysis will be done by the DSMC after the 50th participant has completed the study in order to assess progress of the RCT, recruitment rate, effect of drugs and decide whether or not to modify, terminate or continue the clinical trial. The monitoring teams shall ensure that the participants’ rights are protected and that no patient suffers undue harm in the course of the RCT. Auditing of research records will be done by the monitoring committees as outlined above, while financial auditing will be done by the Research Management Office and Audit Department of University of Lagos. We interviewed five current and former pregnant women with SCD, asking about pregnancy problems, potential participation in such a study and advice on unaddressed issues. Feedback included concerns about whether the intervention had long term effects or could cause miscarriage. All the patients consented to participate if eligible and one of them attends monthly meetings of the study site coordinators. The results of the study will be communicated directly to the participants by the research nurses, physically as well as by email and Whatsapp messages. Ethical approvals were granted by the Health Research and Ethics committees of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba (HREC No. ADM/DST/HREC/APP/3301), Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, LASUTH (Ref. No. LREC/06/10/1318), Federal Medical Centre, Ebute Metta (Ref. No. FMCEB/RET/0052) and the Health Service Commission of Lagos State for the use of the 12 General Hospitals within the state as study sites (LSHSC/2222/VOLIII). Approval has also been granted by the National Health Research and Ethics Committee (NHREC Approval No. NHREC/01/01/2007-04/12/2020). All participating women will sign the study’s informed consent form prior to entry into the study. They will be told that they have the right to decide whether or not to partake in the trial and the freedom to withdraw during the course of the study if they so wish. All data will be kept strictly confidential. The site coordinator of each centre will collect all the data at his/her facility and send it to the principal investigator at periodic intervals. This will be stored securely in a central electronic database by the principal investigator who will be the only one with access to the data of all participants collated centrally. The statistician will be granted access to the electronic database during statistical analysis or at any other time the principal investigator might require her to review the data. None of the women will be made to pay for any aspect of the study as the medication for the research will be given at no cost throughout the pregnancy. All investigations pertaining to this research will also be conducted at no cost to the participants. This proposed research poses minimal or no risk to both mother and baby. Blood specimen collection might cause minimal discomfort in form of pain. For this reason, all the blood specimen collection will be made as comfortable as possible for the women. The participants will enjoy equal rights and quality care all through the duration of the research. We will store the data and deposit it in ‘Open Science Framework’, after approval is obtained from the ethics committee. We will also provide metadata along with the data to describe it. Most of these data will have value to other research users but we will not share the identifying personal biodata such as home address, phone numbers or occupation. We will share the data at the time of publication of our first paper. We will share the assigned DOI number, the Open Science Framework website details and our approach to data sharing as an appendix to our publications to aid accessibility. We will also share these at any conference presentations and our study website, as well as local meetings and conferences of our Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The findings of this study will be presented at conferences (both international and local) so as to disseminate them to a large body of professionals in the field of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. We will also publish them in high impact peer reviewed journals for wider dissemination of information. The findings will be used in counselling pregnant women with SCD at the various antenatal clinics on complications associated with the disease and preventive measures that may be employed. Charts will be created to facilitate counselling at the various antenatal clinics. We will issue press releases about the findings of the study. Patients with SCD and members of the public were involved in the conduct and design of this study and will be included in its dissemination.

Materials

Innovations

The innovation described in the study protocol is the use of low-dose aspirin (LDA) to prevent intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-eclampsia (PE) in pregnant women with sickle cell disease (SCD). This clinical trial aims to investigate the effectiveness and safety of LDA in reducing the incidence of IUGR and PE in pregnant women with HbSS and HbSC. The trial is being conducted in Lagos state, Nigeria, with multiple study sites and a total sample size of 476 eligible pregnant women. The primary outcome measures include birth weight below the 10th centile for gestational age, miscarriage, and perinatal death. Secondary outcome measures include PE, maternal death, preterm delivery, perinatal death, number of crises, need for blood transfusion, and complications such as infections and placental abruption. The study protocol has received ethical approval and is scheduled to be completed within 2 years. The findings of this study will be presented at conferences and published in appropriate journals to disseminate the information to healthcare professionals and the public.

AI Innovations Description

The recommendation proposed in this study protocol is to conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to investigate the use of low-dose aspirin (LDA) in pregnant women with sickle cell disease (SCD) to prevent complications such as pre-eclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The study aims to determine whether LDA can reduce the incidence of these complications in pregnant women with hemoglobin SS (HbSS) and hemoglobin SC (HbSC).

The trial will involve recruiting 476 eligible pregnant women with HbSS and HbSC and randomly assigning them to either a group receiving a daily dose of 100 mg aspirin or a placebo group. The participants will be followed from recruitment until delivery, and the primary outcome will be the incidence of birth weight below the 10th centile for gestational age on INTERGROWTH 21 birth weight charts, or the incidence of miscarriage or perinatal death. Secondary outcomes will include PE, maternal death, preterm delivery, perinatal death, number of crises, need for blood transfusion, and complications such as infections and placental abruption.

The study will be conducted at multiple sites in Lagos state, Nigeria, with the coordinating center at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos. The trial duration is scheduled to be 2 years, starting from July 1, 2020.

Ethical approval has been obtained from the relevant committees, and the study findings will be presented at conferences and published appropriately. The data will be stored securely and kept confidential, and participants will not be required to pay for any aspect of the study.

The results of this study will contribute to the understanding of the potential benefits of low-dose aspirin in preventing complications in pregnant women with sickle cell disease. If the findings support the use of LDA, it could lead to the development of new guidelines and interventions to improve access to maternal health for women with SCD.

AI Innovations Methodology

The clinical trial described in the provided text aims to investigate the use of low-dose aspirin (LDA) in pregnant women with sickle cell disease (SCD) to reduce the incidence of pre-eclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The trial is a double-blind, randomized controlled trial that will compare a daily dose of 100 mg aspirin to a placebo. The trial will be conducted in Lagos state, Nigeria, with a total of 476 eligible pregnant women with HbSS and HbSC recruited consecutively and followed from recruitment until delivery.

The primary outcome of the trial will be the incidence of birth weight below the 10th centile for gestational age on INTERGROWTH 21 birth weight charts, or the incidence of miscarriage or perinatal death. Secondary outcomes will include PE, maternal death, preterm delivery, perinatal death, number of crises, need for blood transfusion, and complications such as infections and placental abruption. The analysis will be conducted using intention-to-treat, and the main treatment effects will be quantified by relative risk with a 95% confidence interval at a 5% significance level.

To simulate the impact of the recommendations from this trial on improving access to maternal health, a methodology could be developed as follows:

1. Define the target population: Identify the specific population that would benefit from the recommendations, such as pregnant women with sickle cell disease in a particular region or country.

2. Collect baseline data: Gather relevant data on the current access to maternal health for the target population, including factors such as availability of healthcare facilities, healthcare providers, and resources, as well as maternal health outcomes.

3. Develop a simulation model: Create a mathematical or computational model that represents the target population and simulates the impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health. The model should consider factors such as the number of pregnant women with sickle cell disease, the availability and utilization of healthcare services, and the potential impact of the recommendations on maternal health outcomes.

4. Incorporate the recommendations: Introduce the recommendations from the clinical trial into the simulation model. This could involve adjusting parameters related to the use of low-dose aspirin, such as the proportion of pregnant women with sickle cell disease who receive the intervention and the expected reduction in the incidence of PE and IUGR.

5. Run simulations: Use the simulation model to run multiple scenarios and assess the impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health. This could involve varying parameters such as the coverage of the intervention, the effectiveness of the intervention, and the availability of healthcare resources.

6. Analyze results: Analyze the simulation results to evaluate the potential impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health. This could include assessing changes in maternal health outcomes, such as reductions in the incidence of PE and IUGR, as well as improvements in healthcare utilization and resource allocation.

7. Validate and refine the model: Validate the simulation model by comparing the simulated results with real-world data, if available. Refine the model based on feedback from experts and stakeholders, and iteratively improve its accuracy and reliability.

By following this methodology, policymakers and healthcare providers can gain insights into the potential impact of the recommendations from the clinical trial on improving access to maternal health for pregnant women with sickle cell disease. This information can inform decision-making and resource allocation to prioritize interventions that have the greatest potential for improving maternal health outcomes.

Authors & Co-Authors

Statistics:

Citations: 2

Authors: 8

Identifiers:

DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047949

Research Areas:

Community Interventions, Disability, Genetics and Genomics, Health System and Policy, Maternal and Child Health, Noncommunicable Diseases, Quality of Care, Sexual and Reproductive Health, Social Determinants

Study Countries:

Nigeria

Study Design:

Case-Control Study, Cohort Study, Cross Sectional Study, Grounded Theory, Quasi Experimental Study, randomised-control-trial

Study Approach:

Mixed-methods, Qualitative, Quantitative

Participants Gender:

Female