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Introduction Dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) is increasingly being used as the preferred first-line regimen for the treatment of HIV in low-income and middle-income countries. The National Program for the Control of STI/HIV/AIDS in Mozambique has planned a phased introduction of the tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) regimen. In 2019, concerns about a potential safety signal identified with dolutegravir identified in the results of the Tsepamo study, conducted in Botswana, led the National Directorate of Pharmacy and the National Program for the Control of STI/HIV/AIDS to establish an active pharmacovigilance surveillance system among newly placed patients on a TLD regimen. This activity aims to establish an active pharmacovigilance system to monitor adverse events in patients on a TLD regimen to support the effectiveness of Mozambique’s public health programmes in improving the process of care and treatment outcomes for people with HIV/AIDS. Methods and analysis This is a prospective, non-interventional, descriptive cohort study to monitor HIV patients managed with TLD at 10 sentinel health centres in Mozambique. The cohort consists of HIV-infected patients commencing treatment with TLD, either as treatment naïve patients or switched from other ART regimens. Patients have monthly routine follow-up visits for the first 3 months after starting HIV treatment with TLD, and subsequently every 3 months for a total period of 1 year. Patients are monitored to identify possible adverse events during the follow-up period. The intended size of the cohort is 3000 patients. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from the National Commission on Bioethics in Health in Mozambique. Written informed consent is obtained from each participant who agrees to participate to have their information collected, analysed and stored. Findings will be reported to the Ministry of Health and participating health centres to inform policy and practice as well as disseminated by peer-review publications.
This is a prospective, non-interventional, observational cohort study of persons living with HIV who are newly placed on a TLD regimen at sentinel sites. The cohort consists of patients with a diagnosis of HIV, regardless of age and gender commencing treatment with TLD, either as treatment naïve patients or switched from another ARV regimen. Excluded from the cohort are those already taking or switched to TLD prior to commencement of active monitoring, patients who do not consent to be part of the active monitoring or those who are unable to provide a useful medical history for any reason. Patient enrolment commenced in April 2020. Healthcare providers (HCPs) at 10 sentinel sites are requested to enrol eligible patients into the cohort during treatment initiation visits. The intended size of the cohort is 3000 patients to be followed up during routine care visits over 12 months. This sample size provides a 95% chance of identifying AEs having an incidence of 1:1000.12 The presence or absence of AEs, as well as additional patient information, is recorded onto a pretested active surveillance data collection form (see online supplemental file annex 1). An AE is defined as ‘any untoward medical occurrence that may present during treatment with a pharmaceutical product but which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment’.13 HCPs are requested to monitor for and record the presence or absence of all AEs experienced by the patient during routine clinical care, including AEs of special interest (box 1). All pregnant women, including those who become pregnant during treatment with TLD, are monitored for pregnancy outcomes of interest and other AEs in accordance with the guidance for active monitoring of pregnant women on TLD (see online supplemental file annex 2). All events and medical conditions are coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities during data entry.14 bmjopen-2021-050671supp001.pdf Day ‘0’ is the day the patient is started on a TLD regimen and enrolled in the cohort for active monitoring. Each enrolled patient will be followed up for up to 12 months. Follow-up visits to monitor and document data on possible ADRs/AEs will be on a monthly basis for the first 3 months after commencement of HIV treatment with TLD per routine patient visit schedule. Subsequent follow-up visits for ADR/AE monitoring will be conducted every 3 months. Thus, each patient should have a minimum of six ADR/AE monitoring visits throughout the duration of the active surveillance programme. Patients are advised to return to the clinic even before their scheduled follow-up visit if they experience an AE. Alternatively, patients who are able to read and write may be given a paper copy of the follow-up questionnaire to write down AEs that they may have experienced before their next scheduled visit and instructed to bring those forms to their next visit. The National HIV/AIDS control program modified the routine visit schedule for the majority of stable patients on treatment during the COVID-19 lockdown period to quarterly visit. The follow-up schedule for monitored patients was modified accordingly. Women who become pregnant while on treatment with TLD or before beginning the TLD regimen will be monitored at each antenatal visit up to delivery and the mother and newborn up to 3 months postdelivery. Guidance on active monitoring for pregnant women on TLD (see online supplemental file annex 2) is based, in part, on the country’s experience with the Assessment of the Safety of Antimalarial Drug Use During Early Pregnancy study.15 A team of HCPs consisting of at least one designated clinician, a nurse and a pharmacist or pharmacy technician at each site was trained on standard operating procedures. Various methods are used to minimise loss to follow-up, such as follow-up phone calls or home visits to collect the necessary data from patients living in distant places from the sentinel site. The DNF is coordinating the operational implementation of the programme including the establishment and coordination of a national multistakeholder committee to guide and advise overall implementation. The multistakeholder committee consists of representatives from the DNF, HIV programme, TB programme, maternal and child health programme, and other stakeholders as determined by the DNF. The DNF in collaboration with the national HIV programme selected 10 facilities (table 1) to serve as sentinel sites based on the following criteria: Sentinel sites included in this active surveillance activity Each sentinel site is requested to enrol approximately 300 patients over a period of 6 months. Patients and the public were not involved in the design of this study. The active surveillance monitoring activity uses a combination of electronic and paper-based tools. Forms for initiation and follow-up were based, in part, on generic templates provided by WHO as well those used for active pharmacovigilance elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.9 16–22 The data collection forms are as follows: treatment initiation form (form A), follow-up visit form (form B) and birth outcome and newborn screening form (form C) (see online supplemental file annex 1). Data entry personnel at each site enters the data collected on the paper forms into an electronic data management tool—Pharmacovigilance Monitoring System and transmit the data to the DNF every week. Completed forms are retrieved from the sites during supervisory visits and submitted to the DNF for safekeeping and archiving. The multistakeholder active safety monitoring committee will use the WHO Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality assessment method to assess the AE reports to determine the relationship between reported AEs and medicine(s) taken by patients.23 The committee will classify AEs into two groups: Group 1: events determined as having a certain, probable or possible relationship with the monitored medicine. These will be classified as ‘adverse drug reactions’ because they are likely to be related to the use of the monitored medicine and entered into the national ADR database. Group 2: events determined as having an unlikely or unassessable relationship with medicine use. These will be classified as ‘incidentals’ as their occurrence is likely to be incidental to the use of the monitored medicine. These will be maintained in the active monitoring database. The DNF will add AEs assessed as having a certain, probable or possible relationship with the use of TLD to the national database of ADRs that are received through the spontaneous reporting system. All reported AEs that are assessed as having an unlikely relationship with the use of TLD will be left in the database of reports from the active monitoring system. The DNF will periodically analyse the data (monthly at the initial stage and quarterly thereafter) and generate descriptive frequency tables for demographics, medicine use and adverse medicine events. A mid-term (approximately 6–8 months after commencement of active monitoring) interim analysis and the main analysis at the conclusion of the follow-up period will be performed to determine adverse reaction profiles. The incidence of an ADR and AE will be calculated as the number of events divided by the total number of patient-months of follow-up. These estimates will be determined with 95% CIs assuming a Poisson distribution. Stratification and adjustments will be made as appropriate using collected baseline information, including comedication and comorbidities as collected through the data collection forms. Frequencies of ADRs will be compared by medicine category using univariate analysis and expressed as relative risks with corresponding 95% CIs and population attributable risk by ART and other medicines. HCPs, data entry personnel and data analysts involved in the process were trained on how to use the data collection tools and other aspects of active monitoring. Initial support supervision was conducted at each facility via phone calls within the first 2 months of patient enrolment. Further routine support supervision is provided to the sites monthly via phone calls due to COVID-19 restrictions. Quarterly in-person visits will commence in 2021. The DNF reviews the reports collected regularly for data quality and provide the necessary feedback for improving the quality of collected data. Written informed consent is obtained from each participant who consents to participate and have his or her information collected, analysed and stored. In addition, patients are informed that their participation in the programme is voluntary and they have the right to withdraw at any time and continue to receive care at the facility. Those who are between the ages of 12 and 18 years are required to sign an assent form to participate in the programme. In the event of children who are more than 30 kg and less than 12 years old, informed written consent is obtained from their parents. Confidentiality of patient data is maintained by limiting access to the information contained in the paper and electronic tools to only persons involved in the active monitoring of patients and who need to access the data for purposes of data entry, review or analysis. The DNF will enforce appropriate data access control measures and deidentify all data before sharing. Data from this active safety monitoring study will be stored by the DNF for 5 years after the programme ends. Findings from the TLD active monitoring activity will be disseminated to relevant stakeholders through quarterly newsletters or reports. The DNF, in collaboration with the multistakeholder active monitoring committee and with support from MTaPS, will develop, review and disseminate the newsletter or report. The DNF will use information leaflets to inform HCPs and patients of the recommendations derived from the findings. Findings and recommendations from the activity will also be shared with a wider audience through the publication of scientific and professional articles in peer-reviewed journals following due process. The 2019 guidelines from WHO provide reassurance of DTG as the preferred ARV drug in first and second-line regimens due to the declining estimate of NTD risk and observed efficacy.24 Major factors that can influence the transition to DTG include active surveillance of emerging toxicity issues and systems for monitoring safety in pregnancy.
