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Background: Access factors associated with maternal death are important to understand because they are considered to be an essential measure of women’s health and indicative of the performance of health care systems in any community globally. This study aimed to analyse the access risk factors linked to maternal deaths in Lundazi district of the Eastern Province of Zambia using secondary data obtained from maternal death reviews and delivery registers. Methods: This was a case-control study with cases being recorded maternal deaths for Lundazi district (n=100) while controls were randomly selected Lundazi District Hospital deliveries (n=300) for the period 2010 to 2015. STATA™ (Stata Corporation, Texas, TX, USA) version 12.0 was used to analyse data. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals with associated p-values were used to analyse disparities between cases and controls while bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were done to show associations. Results: The likelihood of experiencing maternal death was 94% less among women who completed their scheduled antenatal care visits than those who did not (OR 0.06, 95% CI=0.01-0.27, p=<0.001). Delayed referral associated with maternal deaths and complications were 30% (30) for cases, 12% (37) for controls and 17% (67) for both cases and controls. Long distances, unskilled deliveries were 3%, (15) for both cases and controls with 13% (13) for cases and 1% (2) for controls only. Conclusion: Antenatal care is important in screening for pre-existing risk conditions as well as complications in early stages of pregnancy that could impact adversely during pregnancy and childbirth. Delay in seeking health care during pregnancy could be minimised if health services are brought closer to the communities to reduce on distances covered by pregnant women in Lundazi. Maternal education appears to influence antenatal health care utilisation because greater knowledge and understanding of the importance of antenatal care might increase the ability to select most appropriate service. Therefore, there is need for Lundazi District Health Office to scale up interventions that motivate women to make at least four scheduled antenatal care visits during pregnancy as recommended by the World Health Organization.
The study was conducted in Lundazi at the District Health Office. It included information obtained from health facilities within Lundazi district that conduct deliveries and recorded maternal deaths during the period 2010 to 2015. Lundazi district is situated about 755 km by road to the eastern side of the Zambian capital city of Lusaka and has a population of 366,432 as projected from 2010 national census [4]. Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) reviews are conducted every quarter of the year to examine factors and causes associated with maternal death. This process provides a platform for documenting what obstetricians, gynaecologists, midwives and doctors propose as factors and cause for maternal death [11]. It is from these review reports that maternal death information were extracted for analysis. A case control study design was used where cases were all maternal deaths recorded by Lundazi District Health Office for the period 2010 to 2015. These were extracted from secondary data of MDSR reports and community verbal autopsies. Verbal autopsies are data collection tools used to assign cause of death through interviews with family or community members, where medical certification of cause of death is not available [12]. Data from verbal autopsies assists reviewers in summarising factors associated with a community maternal death and it is from this source that secondary data was extracted. The researchers were not involved in collection of data using the verbal autopsy. However, verbal autopsies were part of the source for the secondary data which was mined. Controls were 300 (n) records of women who survived during the same period and randomly selected from the district hospital delivery register. This sample was obtained from a population of 2794 (N) complicated Lundazi district hospital deliveries conducted in the period 2010–2015 and met the selection criteria. We used a computer to randomly select every 9th record from the delivery register on an Excel spread sheet. Lundazi District Hospital is the main referral health facility for complicated obstetric cases but also ordinary deliveries from the surrounding communities. The ratio of cases to control sampled was 1:3. All recorded maternal deaths in Lundazi district were considered for this study because maternal death is an event which is relatively rare. Lundazi District Hospital is a centrally located referral hospital where women from all corners of the district with obstetric complications deliver. Randomly selected controls had similar characteristics as cases and were drawn from the same population. In Zambia, it is estimated that 30–50% of all child births occur at home and most of the home deliveries are known to take place in rural than urban areas [7]. OpenEpi was used to estimate the sample size for the study with the following assumptions: unmatched case-control study with an estimated exposure rate among the controls of 30%. Comprehensive analysis of Demographic Health Surveys data from the 2000–2010 suggest that about 30% of pregnant women in the Sub-Saharan region do not complete their antenatal care attendance [13]. These specifications were expected to give a power of 80% and to detect odds ratio of 2.0 or greater, at a confidence level of 95%, with the alpha (α) level of 0.05, and case to control ratio of 1:3. The national risk rate is 398 deaths per 100,000 live births. Data extraction checklist was developed to extract relevant information from MDSR reports and verbal autopsies as well as hospital delivery registers. The data extracted was used to identify key characteristics of women who died of maternal cause during the period 2010 to 2015. Data was entered in Excel spread sheet, cleaned before exporting it to STATA version 12.0 (Stata™ Corporation, Texas, TX, USA) for analysis. Thirteen records in the register out of 2807 were not included in the sampling frame because the primary outcome of interest (died or survived) was not known or recorded. Preliminary data analysis involved description of predictor variables to understand their distribution in relation to dependent variable (maternal death being the binary outcome). Antenatal care attendance as an exposure factor for both cases and controls as shown in Table 1 was summarised. Descriptive statistics, inter-quartile ranges, means, medians and standard deviations were analysed for continuous variables such as age, gestation and parity. Test for normality for age distribution of records of women analysed were done using QQ plot and normal distribution curve to determine if age distribution of the case and control populations had a common distribution pattern (Fig. (Fig.1).1). Frequency and percentage distributions for discrete variables were computed with cross tabulations to compare cases and controls. Logistic regression was used to analyse the dataset to describe the relationship between the dependent variable ‘maternal deaths’ with the selected predictor variables. Demographic characteristics with ANC attendance as exposure factor aData collection for the year 2015 was only for 9 months compared to full calendar years for the other 5 years QQ plot testing for normality of distribution for participants’ age
