Isingeniso: Ukushona komama kusalokhu kuwukukhathazeka okubalulekile kwezempilo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingenazo izinsizakusebenza ezifana nezindawo zasemaphandleni zase-Ethiopia. Ukunakekelwa kwamakhono ngesikhathi sokubeletha kubalulekile ekwehliseni ukushona komama, futhi amakhaya okulinda okubeletha (MWHs) agunyazwe njengesu lokwenza kube lula ukufinyelela kulokho kunakekelwa. Nokho, iningi labesifazane abakhulelwe emaphandleni ase-Ethiopia abawasebenzisi ama-MWH, okubonisa isidingo sokuqonda izici ezithonya inhloso yabo yokusebenzisa lezi zikhungo. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe eBench Maji Zone; INingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia isikhanyisele ngezibikezelo zenhloso yokusebenzisa ama-MWH phakathi kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kulesi sifunda. Okutholakele Ocwaningweni: Ucwaningo olugxile emphakathini lubandakanya abesifazane abakhulelwe abangama-829 eBench Maji Zone. Abaphenduli bahlolwa kusetshenziswa iTheory of Planned Behavior ukuze kutholwe inhloso yabo yokusebenzisa ama-MWHs. Imiphumela yocwaningo iveze izibikezelo ezibalulekile ezilandelayo:
- Ukusetshenziswa Kokunakekelwa Kwabakhulelwe (ANC): Ucwaningo luthole ukuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-ANC kanye nenjongo yokusebenzisa ama-MWHs. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe abajwayele ukuya ekuvakasheni kwe-ANC maningi amathuba okuthi baveze inhloso yokusebenzisa ama-MWHs. Ngakho-ke, ukungenelela ekwenzeni ngcono ukufinyeleleka kwezinsizakalo ze-ANC kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukusetshenziswa kwe-MWH.
- Isimo sengqondo: Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi isimo sengqondo esihle ngama-MWHs sasihlotshaniswa nenjongo ephakeme yokusebenzisa lezi zikhungo. Lokhu kugqamisa ukubaluleka kokuthuthukisa imibono nezinkolelo ezinhle mayelana nama-MWH phakathi kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Izinhlelo zemfundo nemikhankaso yokuqwashisa ingasiza ekuqedeni imibono eyiphutha futhi igcizelele izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ama-MWHs ekulethweni okuphephile.
- I-Subjective Norm: Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi inkambiso yokucabangela, noma ingcindezi yomphakathi ecatshangwayo yokusebenzisa ama-MWHs, ibe nomthelela omkhulu enhlosweni yokusebenzisa lezi zikhungo. Ukubandakanya amalungu omphakathi, abaholi bomphakathi, nabantu abanethonya ekuvumelaneni nasekukhuthazeni ukusetshenziswa kwe-MWHs kungasiza ekwakheni inkambiso yomphakathi esekelayo. Imisebenzi yokuxoxisana nomphakathi, njengezingxoxo zomphakathi kanye nezikhathi zokuqwashisa, ingasetshenziswa ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuqonda okuhlangene nokwamukelwa kwe-MWHs.
- Ukulawulwa Kokuziphatha Okubonwayo: Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi ukulawula okucatshangwa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe ekusebenziseni i-MWHs kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlosweni kwabo kokusebenzisa lezi zikhungo. Ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwabesifazane mayelana nama-MWHs, ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana nendlela yokufinyelela nokusebenzisa ama-MWH, kanye nokubhekana nanoma yiziphi izithiyo zokuhlela noma zezezimali kungathuthukisa umuzwa wabo wokulawula. Ukwengeza, ukubandakanya abahlinzeki bezempilo kanye nabasebenzi bezempilo bomphakathi ekunikezeni isiqondiso nokwesekwa kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukulawulwa kokuziphatha okucatshangwayo.
Imithelela kanye Nezincomo: Ngokusekelwe kulokho okutholwe ocwaningweni, kuyacaca ukuthi ukungenelela kokwandisa inhloso yokusebenzisa ama-MWHs phakathi kwabesifazane abakhulelwe ezindaweni zasemaphandleni zase-Ethiopia kudingeka kube nezigaba eziningi. Nazi izincomo zababambe iqhaza ababalulekile:
- UMnyango Wezempilo kanye Nezikhungo Zezempilo Zezifunda: Beka eqhulwini ukwenza ngcono ukutholakala kwezinsiza ze-ANC ngokuqinisa uhlelo lwezempilo ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuqeqeshwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwamandla kubahlinzeki bezokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwempahla edingekayo kanye nempahla, kanye nokwenza ngcono amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha.
- Abahlinzeki Bezempilo: Ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluphelele kanye nokwelulekwa ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwe-ANC ukuze kuthuthukiswe isimo sengqondo esihle ngama-MWHs. Gcizelela izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ama-MWHs ekubelethweni okuphephile futhi ubhekane nanoma yikuphi ukwesaba noma imibono eyiphutha abesifazane abakhulelwe abangaba nayo.
- Abasebenzi Bezempilo Bomphakathi: Zibandakanye emisebenzini yokuhlanganisa umphakathi ukuze uqwashise ngokubaluleka kwama-MWHs futhi ubhekane nanoma yiziphi izithiyo zamasiko noma zendabuko. Basebenzise indima yabo njengabantu abathenjwayo emphakathini ukukhuthaza izimo zengqondo ezinhle nezinkambiso ezizimele ekusetshenzisweni kwe-MWH.
- Izinhlangano Okungezona Ezikahulumeni: Thuthukisa izinto zokufundisa, njengezincwajana, amaphosta, namavidiyo, ukuze kusatshalaliswe ulwazi olunembile mayelana nama-MWH. Hlanganyela nezinhlangano zendawo ekwenzeni imikhankaso yokumela nokuqwashisa ukukhuthaza izimo zengqondo ezinhle kanye nezinkambiso ezizimele.
- Abaholi Bomphakathi kanye Nabantu Abanethonya: Bandakanya abaholi bomphakathi nabantu abanethonya ukuze bagunyaze futhi bakhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwama-MWHs. Ukwesekwa kwabo nokuvumela kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni inkambiso eqondile ezungeze ukusetshenziswa kwe-MWH.
- Ukuqapha Nokuhlola: Njalo uqaphe futhi uhlole ukuphumelela kokungenelela okwenziwayo ukwandisa inhloso yokusebenzisa ama-MWHs. Hlola imiphumela, thola noma yiziphi izikhala noma izinselele, futhi wenze izinguquko ezidingekayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukungenelela kuyaphumelela.
Isiphetho: Ucwaningo olwenziwe eBench Maji Zone; INingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kuzibikezelo zenhloso yokusebenzisa ama-MWH phakathi kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Okutholakele kugqamisa ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kokunakekelwa kwabakhulelwe, isimo sengqondo, inkambiso yokucabangela, kanye nokulawulwa kokuziphatha okubonwayo ekuthonyeni inhloso yabo yokusebenzisa lezi zikhungo. Ukuqalisa ukungenelela okuhlukahlukene okubhekana nalezi zici kungasiza ukwandisa ukutholwa kwama-MWH futhi ekugcineni kube nomthelela ekwehliseni ukushona komama ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ngokubandakanya ababambiqhaza ababalulekile, njengoMnyango Wezempilo, abahlinzeki bezempilo, abasebenzi bezempilo bomphakathi, nama-NGO, i-Ethiopia ingasebenzela ukudala indawo evumela abesifazane ukuba bafinyelele futhi basebenzise ama-MWHs ukuze babelethe ngokuphephile. Ngokusekelwe Ekushicileleni Okulandelayo Izibikezelo zenhloso yokusebenzisa ikhaya labakhulelwe phakathi kwabesifazane abakhulelwe ebhentshini lase-Maji zone, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia kusetshenziswa umbono wokuziphatha okuhleliwe I- International Journal of Women’s Health, Umqulu 12, Unyaka ka-2020