Isethulo: Naphezu kwemizamo yomhlaba wonke yokuthuthukisa amazinga okufunda nokubhala kwabadala kanye nokunciphisa ukufa komama nezinsana, iSenegal isabhekene nenselelo yokungafundi kwabesifazane okuphansi kanye namazinga aphezulu okufa komama nezingane. Ocwaningweni lwakamuva olushicilelwe ku-International Journal of Health Planning and Management, abacwaningi baye bacacisa ngomthelela omkhulu wokufunda nokubhala kwabesifazane emiphumeleni yezempilo kamama nengane eSenegal. Okutholakele kugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokubeka phambili izinhlelo zokufunda kwabesifazane ukuze bathuthukise impilo yabo neyezingane zabo. Okutholakele Okubalulekile: Ucwaningo olwenziwe abacwaningi e-Senegal luhlole ubudlelwano phakathi kokwazi ukufunda nokubhala kwabesifazane kanye nezinkomba eziyisishiyagalolunye ezibalulekile zempilo kamama nengane. Okutholakele kuveze lokhu okulandelayo:
- Ukwenyuka Kokusetshenziswa Kokuvimbela Inzalo: Ukwazi kwabesifazane ukufunda nokubhala kwatholakala kwandisa amathuba okusebenzisa izinto zokuvimbela inzalo, okuholela ekuhleleni umndeni okungcono kanye nesikhala esinempilo sokubeletha.
- Ukunakekelwa Kwangaphambi Kokubeletha Okuthuthukisiwe: Abesifazane abafundile babonise ukuthobelana okuphezulu nokuvakasha kwangaphambi kokubeletha futhi maningi amathuba okuba bafune ukubonisana phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yokuqala ebalulekile yokukhulelwa.
- Izindlela Zokuncelisa Ibele Ezithuthukisiwe: Ukwazi ukufunda kube nomthelela omuhle ekunceliseni ibele, abesifazane okungenzeka ukuthi bancelise izingane zabo ibele kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, zibanike imisoco ebalulekile kanye nokuvikelwa ezifweni.
- Izikhathi Zokuzalwa Ezinempilo: Abesifazane ababefundile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, babevame ukuba nenkathi yokubeletha enempilo phakathi kokukhulelwa, okunciphisa ubungozi obuhambisana nokukhulelwa okusondelene.
- Ukunciphisa Ukungondleki Kwezingane: Ukufunda nokubhala kutholakale kuyisici esivikelayo ekungondleki kahle kwezingane, okunamazinga aphansi okugogeka kanye nesisindo esingaphansi kwezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu.
- Ukwenyuka Ukuthobela Ukugonywa: Ikhono lokufunda nokubhala lenze omama bakwazi ukunamathela kangcono ezimisweni zokugoma, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zabo zithola imigomo ebalulekile.
Izincomo: Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okutholakele okubalulekile, ucwaningo luphakamisa izincomo ezilandelayo zokuthuthukisa imiphumela yezempilo kamama nengane e-Senegal:
- Qinisa Izinhlelo Zokufunda Nabantu Abadala: Uhulumeni, ngokubambisana nezinhlangano ezizimele, kufanele abeke eqhulwini izinhlelo zokufundisa abantu abadala, ikakhulukazi eziqondiswe kwabesifazane basezindaweni zasemakhaya. Lezi zinhlelo kufanele zigxile ekufundeni okusebenzayo ukuze abesifazane bakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ngezinhloso ezingokoqobo ezihlobene nempilo, inhlanzeko, nokunakekela izingane.
- Yenza Ngokujwayelekile Umshwalense Wezempilo: Qalisa izinhlelo zomshwalense wezempilo ngamaphrimiyamu azwelayo emalini engenayo noma ukukhululwa kwabampofu, uqinisekise ukuthi izindleko azisona isithiyo ekufinyeleleni izinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezibalulekile.
- Khulisa Imikhankaso Yokuqwashisa: Hlanganyela nezinhlangano zabezindaba ukuze uqalise imikhankaso ehlosiwe yokuqwashisa ngezinzuzo zempilo yokuzala nomama ngomsakazo nomabonakude. Le mikhankaso kufanele ifundise abesifazane nemindeni yabo ngokubaluleka kokunakekelwa ngaphambi kokubeletha, ukuhlela umndeni, ukuncelisa ibele kanye nokugoma.
- Ukwenza ngcono Ukutholakala Kwamanzi Ahlanzekile Nokuthuthwa Kwendle: Ukutshala izimali kungqalasizinda ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezindawo zokuthuthwa kwendle ezithuthukisiwe. Lokhu ngeke nje kuthuthukise impilo yonke kodwa futhi kunciphise ingozi yezifo ezibangelwa amanzi kanye nokutheleleka phakathi kwabesifazane nezingane.
Abadlali Beqhaza Ababalulekile: Kubalulekile ukuthi ababambiqhaza abehlukene bahlangane futhi basebenze ngokubambisana ukubhekana nalezi zincomo:
- Umnyango Wezemfundo: Umnyango Wezemfundo udlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala kwabadala kanye nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela emfundweni yabesifazane. Kufanele babele izinsiza futhi bathuthukise ukungenelela okuhlosiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufunda okusebenzayo phakathi kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
- Umnyango Wezempilo: Umnyango Wezempilo kufanele uhole ekuqaliseni izinhlelo zomshwalense wezempilo ezithengekayo nezifinyeleleka kubo bonke abantu, nezinhlinzeko eziqondile zalabo abasengozini kakhulu. Kufanele futhi bahole imikhankaso yokuqwashisa umphakathi ngezinzuzo zezempilo zokuzala kanye nempilo kamama.
- Izinhlangano zabezindaba: Izinhlangano zabezindaba zingabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekusabalaliseni ulwazi ngemikhankaso yomsakazo nethelevishini. Ukusebenzisana nohulumeni kubalulekile ukuze kufinyelelwe izethameli eziningi futhi kwethule imilayezo ebalulekile mayelana nempilo kamama nengane.
- Izinhlangano Okungezona Ezikahulumeni (ama-NGO): Ama-NGO anganikeza ukwesekwa ngokusiza ekuqalisweni kwezinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsiza, kanye nokugqugquzela ukwenziwa ngcono kwezempilo kamama nengane. Bangakwazi ukusebenzisana eduze nemiphakathi yendawo ukukhuthaza ukuqwashisa nokuhlinzeka ngosekelo olwengeziwe lapho kudingeka khona.
Izinto Zezindleko Eziphakanyisiwe: Ukubhekana nezinselele ezivezwe ocwaningweni kuzodinga ukutshalwa kwezimali. Nazi izinto zezindleko ezimbalwa eziphakanyisiwe:
- Ukuqeqeshwa Nezinsiza Zezinhlelo Zokufunda Nabantu Abadala: Ukwaba izimali zokuqeqesha othisha bokufunda nokubhala kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza zokufunda ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala kwabadala.
- Izibonelelo Zomshwalense Wezempilo: Ukwaba izimali zokusiza uxhaso lomshwalense wezempilo kubantu abahola kancane noma ukunikeza abampofu ukukhululwa ukuze kwenziwe izinsiza zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zithengeke futhi zifinyeleleke.
- Uxhaso Lwemikhankaso Yokuqwashisa: Ukwaba izimali zokweseka imikhankaso yomsakazo nethelevishini egxile ekuzaleni kanye nempilo kamama. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kokuqukethwe okufundisayo kanye nesikhathi sokusakaza ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ezihlukene.
- Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Kwingqalasizinda Yamanzi Ahlanzekile Nezokuthuthwa Kwendle: Ukwaba izimali zokuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezinsiza zokuthuthwa kwendle ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukwakha izindawo zokuhlanza amanzi, ukwakhiwa kwemithombo, nokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yokuthuthwa kwendle.
Isiphetho: Ucwaningo lugqamisa amandla aguqulayo okufunda nokubhala kwabesifazane ngemiphumela yezempilo kamama nengane e-Senegal. Ukunika abesifazane amandla ngezinhlelo zokufunda kungaba nemiphumela emihle efinyelela kude, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni okwengeziwe kokuvimbela inzalo nokuthuthukiswa kokunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokubeletha kuya ezindleleni ezingcono zokuncelisa kanye nokunciphisa ukungondleki kwezingane. Ngokusebenzisa amasu anconyiwe, njengokuqinisa izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala kwabadala, ukwenza jikelele umshwalense wezempilo, ukwethula imikhankaso yokuqwashisa, kanye nokwenza ngcono ingqalasizinda yamanzi nokukhucululwa kwendle, iSenegal ingathuthukisa kakhulu imiphumela yezempilo kamama nengane. Kubalulekile ukuthi ababambiqhaza ababalulekile, okuhlanganisa uhulumeni, izinhlangano zabezindaba, nama-NGO, basebenzisane ukuze basebenzise lezi zincomo futhi bakhe ikusasa eliqhakazile nelinempilo labesifazane nezingane eSenegal. Ngokusekelwe Kumphumela Wokushicilelwa Olandelayo wokufunda nokubhala kwabesifazane ngempilo kamama nengane: Ubufakazi obuvela kudatha ye-demographic Health Survey e-Senegal . Ijenali Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokuhlela Nokuphathwa Kwezempilo, Unyaka ka-2023