Amaphuzu avelele
- E-Senegal, bangaphansi kwengxenye (47.9%) yabesifazane abakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamadolobha, lapho u-64.3% wabesifazane ufundile, nezindawo zasemakhaya, lapho kuphela u-32.2%.
- Uma abesifazane bekwazi ukufunda nokubhala, kusiza ekuthuthukiseni imiphumela eminingi yezempilo kubo bobabili omama nezingane, njengokusebenzisa ukulawula inzalo, ukuya ekuvakasheni kokunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokubeletha, nokuba nezingane ezondleke kangcono.
- Ukuthuthukisa impilo yomama nezingane, sidinga izinhlelo eziphelele ezigxile ekufundeni, ukufinyelela kumshwalense wezempilo, ukuchayeka kwabezindaba, kanye nezinsiza ezingcono zamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle.
Isendlalelo Kusukela ngo-2000 umhlaba ubusebenzela ukwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu ngale kokukhulisa umnotho. Lokhu kuholele ekudaleni imigomo yomhlaba wonke yokwenza impilo ibe ngcono kuwo wonke umuntu, ikakhulukazi abesifazane nezingane. Nakuba kube nokuthuthuka okuthile empilweni kamama nengane emhlabeni wonke, izinkinga ezinkulu zisekhona: nsuku zonke, cishe abantu besifazane abangama-810 bafa ngenxa yezizathu ezingavinjelwa ezihlobene nokukhulelwa nokubeletha. Iningi lalokhu kufa kwenzeka emazweni ampofu, okubili kokuthathu kwenzeka emazweni ase-sub-Saharan Africa. E-Senegal, uhlelo lwezempilo alunabo odokotela nabahlengikazi abanele. Kukhona abangu-0.4 kuphela kubantu abangu-1,000, abaphansi kakhulu kunokunconywa. Imfundo yabesifazane ibalulekile empilweni engcono, kodwa amazinga okufunda nokubhala kwabesifazane asephansi. Uhulumeni useziqalile izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa imfundo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, kodwa izinselelo zisaqhubeka. Cishe uhhafu kuphela wabesifazane abakhulelwe abathola ukuhlolwa okune okunconyiwe ngesikhathi bekhulelwe. Izingane eziningi ezincane azikhuli ngendlela ngenxa yokungondleki kahle. Naphezu kwemizamo yaseSenegal, impilo kamama nengane iseyimbi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala okuphansi kwabesifazane kungase kube isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu. Ukuqonda ukuthi amakhono abesifazane okufunda nokubhala ayithinta kanjani impilo yomama nezingane e-Senegal kubalulekile ukusiza ukwakha izinhlelo ezingcono zokuthuthukisa impilo ngokugxila emfundweni yabesifazane. Izindlela Ucwaningo lusebenzise idatha evela ku-2019 Senegal Demographic and Health Survey ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela wolwazi lokufunda nokubhala kwabesifazane ezinkomba eziyishumi zezempilo kamama nengane. Bangu-8649 abantu besifazane okwaxoxwa nabo, okuhlanganisa nabangu-4345 abakhulelwe kanye nabangu-5733 abathola izikhala zokubeletha. Okutholakele Okubalulekile Ikhono labesifazane lokufunda nokubhala lithinta izici ezibalulekile zempilo kamama nengane e-Senegal.
- Ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kokuvimbela inzalo: abesifazane abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala maningi amathuba okuthi basebenzise isilawuli- nzalo, okuholela ekuhleleni umndeni okungcono kanye nesikhala esinempilo phakathi kokubeletha.
- Ukunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokubeletha okungcono: abesifazane abafundile maningi amathuba okuthi baye kohlolwa ngaphambi kokubeletha, ikakhulukazi ezinyangeni zokuqala zokukhulelwa.
- Ukuncelisa ibele okuthuthukisiwe: abesifazane abafundile maningi amathuba okuthi bancelise izingane zabo ibele kuze kube yizinyanga eziyisithupha, okuzinika imisoco ebalulekile kanye nokuvikelwa ezifweni.
- Izikhawu zokubeletha ezinempilo: abesifazane abakwazi ukufunda, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, bavame ukuba nezikhala ezinempilo phakathi kokukhulelwa, okunciphisa izingozi zempilo.
- Ukungondleki kwezingane okuphansi: ukufunda kusiza ekunciphiseni ukungondleki kwezingane, kunciphisa ingozi yokugogeka ngo-19% kanye nesisindo esingaphansi ngo-28% ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala.
- Amazinga aphezulu okugoma: omama abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala bangcono ekulandeleni izimiso zokugoma, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zabo zithola imigomo ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
Ezinye izici ezibalulekile ezithonya imiphumela yezempilo kamama nengane zihlanganisa:
- Ukufinyelela kumshwalense wezempilo
- Ukuchayeka kwemidiya
- Ukuthola amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokuthuthwa kwendle okuthuthukisiwe
- Ingcebo yasekhaya
Kunomehluko omkhulu empilweni yomama nezingane phakathi kwamadolobha nezindawo zasemakhaya, kanti izindawo zasemakhaya ngokuvamile ziba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Isiphetho Ukwenza ngcono ukufunda kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kungathuthukisa kakhulu imiphumela yezempilo kamama nengane eSenegal. Kodwa-ke, indlela ebanzi yokubhekana nezici eziningi zenhlalomnotho iyadingeka ukuze kube nomthelela omkhulu. Imithelela Yenqubomgomo
- Izinhlelo zamanje zokufundisa ukufunda nokubhala azanele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Kudingeka imizamo eyengeziwe.
- Ukunwetshwa komshwalense wezempilo kungakhuphula ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zezempilo komama.
- Ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwabezindaba kanye nolwazi lwezempilo kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuziphatha okuhle kwezempilo.
- Ukubhekana nezithiyo ezingokoqobo ezifana nokuntuleka kwamanzi ahlanzekile nokukhucululwa kwendle kuyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe izinzuzo zezempilo.
Izincomo
- Imikhankaso yokufunda nokubhala: Yethula izinhlelo ezisabalele zokufundisa abantu abadala ukufunda nokubhala ezibhekiswe kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Hlanganisa imfundo yezempilo ibe yikharikhulamu yokufunda nokubhala.
- Umshwalense wezempilo: Nweba ukukhokhelwa ngamaphrimiyamu azwela imali engenayo noma okuhlukile kwemindeni empofu.
- Imikhankaso yabezindaba: Thuthukisa imikhankaso yemidiya ehlosiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zezempilo komama nengane, ukusebenzisa umsakazo, umabonakude, kanye nezinkundla zamaselula.
- Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda: Beka eqhulwini ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezindawo zokuthuthwa kwendle ezithuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
- Indlela Edidiyelwe: Ukuthuthukisa ukungenelela okuphelele okubhekana ngesikhathi esifanayo ukufunda nokubhala, ukufinyelela kwezempilo, kanye nezici zenhlalo-mnotho ezinomthelela empilweni kamama nengane.
- Ukugxila ezindaweni zasemaphandleni: Ukuklama amasu ahambisanayo okubhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele kanye namagebe amakhulu okufunda nokubhala ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
- Ukuqapha nokuhlola: Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo eziqinile zokulandelela inqubekelaphambili kumazinga okufunda nokubhala nezinkomba zezempilo, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo okuqhubekayo.
Isihloko esingenhla sisekelwe kulolu shicilelo: Diallo, MA, Mbaye, N., & Aidara, I. (2023). Umthelela wokufunda nokubhala kwabesifazane ngempilo kamama nengane: Ubufakazi obuvela kudatha yeDemographic Health Survey e-Senegal. Ijenali Yamazwe Ngamazwe YokuHlelwa Nokuphathwa Kwezempilo, 38(3), 773-789. Ezinye izinkomba Sidibe, AM; Kadetz, PI; Hesketh, T. Factors Enomthelela Ukusetshenziswa Kokuhlela Umndeni e-Mali nase-Senegal. Int. J. Imvelo. I-Res. Impilo Yomphakathi 2020 , 17, 4399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124399 Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. (2019). Amathrendi ekufeni komama kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2017: izilinganiso ze-WHO, i-UNICEF, i-UNFPA, i-World Bank Group kanye ne-United Nations Population Division: isifinyezo esiphezulu. I-World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/327596. Ilayisensi: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO