Isingeniso Lo mfushane wenqubomgomo wethula imiphumela yocwaningo lukaGanle et al. (2015) mayelana nokuthi ukwenza izinqumo ngaphandle kwemindeni kukuthinta kanjani ukufinyelela kwabesifazane kanye nokusebenzisa izinsiza zokunakekelwa kwezempilo komama eGhana. Ucwaningo luveza izithiyo ezibalulekile ekuzilawuleni kwabesifazane ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezithiya inqubekelaphambili ekwenzeni ngcono imiphumela yezempilo kamama. Ngemizamo yaseGhana yokunciphisa ukufa komama kanye nokufinyelela kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, ukubhekana nalezi zithiyo zezenhlalo namasiko kubalulekile. Lo mfushane unikeza umbono wesimo samanje sezwe, ukhomba izinselele eziyinhloko, futhi unikeza izincomo zamasu okuthuthukisa imiphumela yezempilo yomama eGhana. Amaphuzu Avelele Ayinhloko
- Ukuzimela Okulinganiselwe Kwabesifazane: Abesifazane bavame ukuntula amandla okwenza izinqumo mayelana nokuthi bafinyelela nini izinsiza ezinekhono zokubeletha, ukubeletha, kanye nokunakekelwa kwangemva kokubeletha.
- Amalungu Omndeni Anethonya: Abayeni nomamezala bavame ukusebenza njengabenzi bezinqumo abayinhloko ezindabeni zempilo kamama.
- Izithiyo Zenhlalo Namasiko: Izinkambiso zobuPatriaki, amazinga aphansi emfundo yabesifazane, nokubukelwa phansi kwezomnotho kunomthelela ekuzilawuleni okulinganiselwe kokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwabesifazane.
- Ukungafani Kwezindawo Zasemadolobheni Nezasemakhaya: Abesifazane basemaphandleni babhekana nezinselelo ezinkulu ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo basemadolobheni.
- Kudingeka Izenzo Ezibalulekile:
- Khuthaza imfundo yabesifazane kanye nokufukulwa kwezomnotho
- Bandakanya amadoda namanye amalungu omndeni ezindabeni zempilo kamama
- Qinisa imfundo yezempilo esekelwe emphakathini
Isendlalelo IGhana isebenzise izinqubomgomo zokwenza ngcono ukufinyeleleka kokunakekelwa kwezempilo komama, okuhlanganisa nezinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwamahhala ezikhungweni zezempilo zomphakathi kanye nezimishini kusukela ngo-2003. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izingxenye zeGhana , ngaphezu kwama-45% okubeletha asazalelwa emakhaya ngaphandle kokunakekelwa okunekhono. Isilinganiso sokushona komama simi ku-380 kwabayi-100,000 abazalwa bephila kusukela ngo-2013. Lolu cwaningo, olwenziwa emiphakathini eyisithupha ezifundeni zaseBosomtwe naseCentral Gonja, luhlola ukuthi ukuthatha izinqumo emndenini kuthinta kanjani ikhono labesifazane lokuthola nokusebenzisa izinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo komama. Izinkinga Eziyinhloko
- Ukubamba iqhaza Okulinganiselwe Ekuthathweni Kwezinqumo: Ezimweni ezingu-49.2% lapho abesifazane bengakwazi ukuthola usizo lwezempilo komama, abayeni yibo abathatha izinqumo zokugcina. Omamezala benze isinqumo esingujuqu ku-16.2% wamacala, kuyilapho abesifazane ngokwabo bengabathatha izinqumo zokugcina emacaleni angu-2.7% kuphela.
- Inkululeko Yokuvinjelwa Kokunyakaza: Abesifazane abaningi badinga imvume kubayeni noma emalungwini omndeni wesilisa ukuze baye ezindaweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.
- Izici Zenkolo Namasiko: Kweminye imiphakathi, ikakhulukazi leyo lapho ubuSulumane budlange khona, izinkolelo nemikhuba yezenkolo kwandisa ukungakwazi kwabesifazane ukubamba iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
- Ukuncika Kwezomnotho : Ukubukelwa phansi kwezomnotho kwabesifazane kunomthelela ekuzilawuleni kwabo okulinganiselwe ezinqumweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
- Isakhiwo Sokuthatha Izinqumo Zomphakathi : Ukugcizelelwa kokuthembela komunye kanye nasekuthathweni kwezinqumo zomphakathi emphakathini waseGhana kwesinye isikhathi kungashayisana nezidingo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zomuntu wesifazane ngamunye.
Imithelela Yenqubomgomo Ucwaningo lugcizelela ukuthi imizamo yokuthuthukisa imiphumela yezempilo kamama eGhana kumele idlulele ngalé kokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yokunakekelwa kwezempilo futhi ibhekane nezici zezenhlalo namasiko ezikhawulela ukuzimela kwabesifazane. Izinqubomgomo kufanele zicabangele inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yabathatha izinqumo emindenini nasemiphakathini, kanye namathonya ahlukahlukene kwabesifazane ezimeni ezahlukene (isb., izindawo zasemakhaya uma ziqhathaniswa nezasemadolobheni, izizinda ezehlukene zezenkolo). Izincomo
- Khuthaza Imfundo Yabesifazane Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezomnotho: Tshala imali emfundweni yamantombazane kanye namathuba ezomnotho abesifazane ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla abo okuthatha izinqumo phakathi kwemizi.
- Bandakanya Abesilisa Namalungu Omndeni: Thuthukisa izinhlelo ezibandakanya abayeni, omamazala, namanye amalungu omndeni anethonya emfundweni yezempilo kamama nasekuthatheni izinqumo.
- Qinisa Imfundo Yezempilo Esekelwe Emphakathini: Qalisa imikhankaso yomphakathi jikelele ekhuluma ngokubaluleka kokunakekelwa kwezempilo komama abanamakhono futhi kubhekwane nezithiyo zezenhlalo namasiko.
- Hlela Ukungenelela Okuhambisana Nezimo Zendawo: Thuthukisa amasu acabangela izinselele ezithile abesifazane ababhekana nazo ezindaweni ezahlukene (isib., ezindaweni zasemakhaya, imiphakathi yamaSulumane).
- Thuthukisa Ukuhamba Kwabesifazane: Bhekana nemikhawulo yokunyakaza kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ngokuxoxisana nomphakathi kanye nemfundo.
- Khuthaza Ukulingana Ngobulili: Sebenzisa izinqubomgomo nezinhlelo ezibanzi ezibekela inselele imikhuba ye-patriarchal futhi ikhuthaze amalungelo abesifazane nokuzimela.
- Qinisa Izinhlelo Zezempilo: Ukwenza ngcono amandla ezikhungo zezempilo zendawo ukuze zinikeze izinsizakalo zokunakekelwa komama ezisezingeni eliphezulu, zifinyeleleke kalula futhi zikhange kwabesifazane nemindeni yabo.
Isiphetho Ukwenza ngcono imiphumela yezempilo kamama eGhana kudinga ukubhekana nezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo namasiko ezithonya ukufinyelela kwabesifazane ekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Nakuba iGhana yenze amagxathu ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo zezempilo zomama mahhala, ukuzimela kwabesifazane ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwabo kuseyisithiyo esibalulekile. Ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezinikeza abesifazane amandla, ezibandakanya amalungu omndeni kanye nomphakathi, futhi zibhekane nezinkambiso zamasiko, iGhana ingenza inqubekelaphambili enkulu ekwehliseni ukushona komama kanye nokufeza izinjongo zayo zezempilo. Le ndlela ehlanganisa izici eziningi, ehlangene nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwengqalasizinda yokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nekhwalithi, izobaluleka ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi bonke abesifazane baseGhana bayakuthola ukunakekelwa komama abakudingayo. Lo mfushane usekelwe kunkomba elandelayo: Ganle, JK, Obeng, B., Segbefia, AY et al. Ukuthi ukwenza izinqumo kwangaphakathi komndeni kuthinta kanjani ukufinyelela kwabesifazane, nokusebenzisa izinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo komama eGhana: ucwaningo lwekhwalithi. I-BMC Ukukhulelwa Kokubeletha 15, 173 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0590-4 Ezinye izinkomba
- Isevisi Yezibalo yaseGhana. I-Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey enemojuli ye-Malaria Ethuthukisiwe kanye ne-Biomarker, 2011. Accra, Ghana: Isevisi Yezibalo YaseGhana; 2011.
- I-World Health Organization. Amathrendi Ekufeni Komama: 1990 kuya ku-2013: Izilinganiso Ezithuthukiswe yi-WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA kanye neBhange Lomhlaba. I-Geneva: Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba; 2014.