A descriptive longitudinal study protocol: Recurrence and pregnancy post-repair of obstetric fistula in Guinea

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, Volume 16, No. 1, Year 2016

Interpretação

Background: Obstetric fistula is a serious medical condition which affects women in low income countries. Despite the progress of research on fistula, there is little data on long term follow-up after surgical repair. The objective of this study is to analyse the factors associated with the recurrence of fistula and the outcomes of pregnancy following fistula repair in Guinea. Methods: A descriptive longitudinal study design will be used. The study will include women who underwent fistula repair between 2012 and 2015 at 3 fistula repair sites supported by the Fistula Care Project in Guinea (Kissidougou Prefectoral Hospital, Labé Regional Hospital and Jean Paul II Hospital of Conakry). Participants giving an informed consent after a home visit by the Fistula Counsellors will be interviewed for enrolment at least 3 months after hospital discharge The study enrolment period is January 1, 2012 – June 30, 2015. Participants will be followed-up until June 30, 2016 for a maximum follow up period of 48 months. The sample size is estimated at 364 women. The cumulative incidence rates of fistula recurrence and pregnancy post-repair will be calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods and the risk factor analyses will be performed using adjusted Cox regression. The outcomes of pregnancy will be analysed using proportions, the Pearson’s Chi Square (χ2) and a logistic regression with associations reported as risk ratios with 95 % confidence intervals. All analyses will be done using STATA version 13 (STATA Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) with a level of significance set at P<0.05. Discussion: This study will contribute to improving the prevention and management of obstetric fistula within the community and support advocacy efforts for the social reintegration of fistula patients into their communities. It will also guide policy makers and strategic planning for fistula programs. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02686957. Registered 12 February 2016 (Retrospectively registered). This is a longitudinal follow-up study over a period of 4 years conducted among women underwent fistula repair at 3 sites supported by Engenderhealth in Guinea. A cohort will be constituted. Participants who have been repaired at OF treatment sites before the study has started will be included retrospectively and then followed up prospectively (Fig. 1). Study flow chart The primary outcome is the incidence rate of the recurrence of fistula. For the purpose of this study, recurrence of fistula includes the breakdown of a repaired fistula or the occurrence of a new fistula in study participants. At the study sites, the closure of fistula was determined at hospital discharge by a pelvic exam using a dye test. During follow-up visits, women will first be asked about current medical status using the question “does the woman have continuous and uncontrolled leakage of urine?”. If the answer is “YES” then women will be scheduled for a pelvic exam with a dye test for confirmation, at the nearest health facility (health centre or health post). This question is always used at EngenderHealth supported sites to assess women at reception, before further pelvic exam. In addition, the presence of “continuous and uncontrolled leakage of urine” is commonly used as a screening question for fistula in circumstances in which a pelvic exam is not possible (e.g. Demographic and Helath Surveys, DHS); it differentiates between fistula and other forms of incontinence, which are unlikely to be continuous and uncontrolled. In some cases, it might not be feasible to perform the dye test if for instance the woman refuses to go to a health facility. This might lead to a misclassification which can bias the estimate towards a null. However, misclassification is unlikely, since women with continued urinary leakage are eager to report their experiences in order for the condition to be rectified. The secondary outcomes include pregnancy and pregnancy and outcomes (miscarriage or abortion or term pregnancy). Pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes will be documented by a positive pregnancy test from discharge (done at recruitment or during follow-up visit or given at any time by a result from medical records such as antenatal (ANC) card) or by a self-reporting corroborated by 2 witnesses. Maternal status at delivery and mode of delivery (dead or alive; caesarean section or normal delivery; no complication or any complication) will be assessed by looking at the ANC & Delivery card or hospital records or self-reporting. Child outcome at delivery (stillbirth, neonatal death or alive) will be assessed by looking at the ANC & Delivery card or hospital records or self-reporting corroborated by 2 witnesses. Our predictors of interest will include patient characteristics, fistula characteristics, context of repair and context of reintegration. Because women will be recruited and followed-up to record the occurrence of the study outcomes over a period of time, the longitudinal follow-up study design is the most suitable design. Guinea is a coastal West African country with an estimated population of 12 million people [6]. The population is largely rural (65 %) and poor [30]. The Guinean health care system faces many challenges, including chronic shortage of qualified physicians and nurses, and poor clinical infrastructure, particularly in rural and mountainous areas. According to the national action plan for repositioning family planning in Guinea 2014–2018 [20], only 16 % of health professionals (doctors, state midwives and state nurses) work in rural areas where they serve 65 % of the population. Guinea has an estimated lifetime prevalence of obstetric fistula of 0.6 % among women aged 15–49 which ranges regionally from 0.2 to 1.2 % [6], although this figure is likely underestimated. Challenging contextual factors in maternal health include low modern contraceptive prevalence (6 %), concurrent high fertility rate of 5.1, and high maternal mortality (724 deaths per 100,000 live births) [6]. Over the period 2007–2012, the majority of births (54.7 %) were assisted by untrained individuals, and occurred at home (58.8 %) [6]. Since 2012, the Ministry of Health has elaborated a national strategic plan (2012–2016) for the prevention and treatment of fistula [16]. This strategic plan emphasizes the importance of reintegration and support to victims of OF and advocates for more operational and action research that can inform policy. Fistula repair services are available in 4 sites across the country but the study will be conducted with women successfully repaired at the 3 Engenderhealth supported hospitals. From 2007 to 2013, about 3000 OF repairs have been conducted at the 3 Engenderhealth supported sites (Jean Paul II Hospital in Conakry, the Regional Hospital of Labé and the Prefectural Hospital of Kissidougou), where 16 physicians have been trained in obstetric fistula repair, 55 nurses/midwives have been trained in fistula management and 400 − 450 fistula repairs per year have been performed [13]. The study population includes all women who underwent successful repair of OF from January 1, 2012 − June 30, 2015 at the 3 above described fistula repair sites. For the estimation of the incidence rate of the recurrence of fistula, we used the 2-Sided Confidence Intervals for 1 Proportion Confidence Interval Formula [31]. Using the existing data [19] and considering a +/- 2 % margin of error and 95 % confidence interval, we estimate the sample size of the cohort to be 280. We anticipate 20 % loss to follow-up and 10 % refusal rate and accordingly increase the sample size to 364. The same formula provides an estimation of the sample size for the incidence rate of pregnancy [31]. If we estimate the rate of pregnancy to be around 20 % at 24 months’ follow-up among successfully repaired women [20], a sample size of 264 women produces a 2-sided 95 % confidence interval with 10 % precision. Therefore, the sample size of 364 women will be sufficient to describe the objective on pregnancy and its outcomes. All women who underwent successful repair of OF from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2015 at the 3 study sites are eligible for inclusion in study. However, only women with a unique obstetric fistula that was closed at discharge, as measured by a dye test, who provide written informed consent, reside in Guinea and agree with follow-up visits will be included in the study (Fig. 1). Eligible participants who refuse informed consent, who got repair outside the study sites or whose medical records are incomplete will be excluded. Individual medical records of all women who benefited fistula repair at the 3 sites in 2012–2015 will be screened by the study team to identify those who were discharged with a close fistula (Fig. 1). After locating them through their medical records, the study team (that includes nurses called “Fistula Counsellors” who are involved in the management of women at the fistula repair sites) will contact women by home visit in their community to obtain informed consent. Once the informed consent is obtained, the woman will be interviewed for 30 − 60 min by the study team and examined in an isolated place for inclusion in the study. Later, her medical records will be used at the fistula repair site where she got the surgery to collect her sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at the time of surgery. For all women recruited in the study, most retrospectively, new fistula or recurrence of the repaired fistula, pregnancies and their outcomes (miscarriage, stillbirth, live birth, early new-born death, maternal death, and type of maternal complication) will be documented. Health Centres and Health posts around which the study participants live will be used by the study team to perform the dye test in women who report “Continuous and uncontrolled leaking” since discharge or at the follow up visit. The study team will retrospectively screen individual medical records of all women who benefited fistula repair at the 3 sites from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2015 to identify those who were discharged with a close fistula (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Study schedule of assessment Study timeline A home visit will then be conducted within the community to seek informed consent with the repaired women. After obtaining the consent, women will be interviewed. Women who report “Continuous and uncontrolled leaking” since the last follow-up visit will be scheduled for a pelvic exam and a dye test at the nearest health centre or health post. If the case is confirmed as fistula (by a dye test of clinical exam), the woman will be counselled and referred to the nearest fistula repair centre. By this approach, we think that any misclassification of outcome (recurrence of fistula) will be minimal, since women with any continuous and uncontrolled leakage of urine following repair are likely to report it, and any reported incontinence will be evaluated by a dye test. If a woman reports pregnancy, she will be asked to show her antenatal care (ANC) & delivery card on which pregnancy test result is routinely reported. If possible, a pregnancy test will be performed. Otherwise, investigators will rely on woman self-reporting. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of women will be collected from individual medical records at each participating fistula repair site. All investigators will receive appropriate training at the Maferinyah National Research and Training Centre before they go in the field. The enrolment and follow up data are collected using structured and pre tested standardised questionnaires. Both questionnaires will include participants’ current fistula status (fistula close and continent/closed but not continent), post-operative social and reproductive life (marital status, occupation, sexuality, use of modern contraceptive methods, pregnancy, childbirth), and any fistula related complication. Participants’ current full address is also collected to facilitate communication, referral and follow-up visits. After obtaining the informed consent during the recruitment visit, a standardised questionnaire called Baseline form is used to collect the demographic and clinical characteristics of women from hospital records in the hospitals where they were discharged from. This questionnaire includes age at presentation at hospital, marital status, age at marriage, occupation, level of education, residence (rural/urban), number of pregnancies, parity, number of previous repairs, and duration of fistula. Clinical characteristics include mode of delivery related to development of the fistula, neonatal outcome at causal delivery, type of fistula (VVF, RVF or both), status of the bladder neck, nature of the fistula according to the surgeon (simple versus complex), duration of catheterization after repair, status of the operating surgeon (expatriate, local trainer, local trainee), postoperative complications, context of repair (routine repair or pooled repair) and the status of the fistula at discharge (close and continent/Close but not continent). Study forms will be checked after data collection before sending to the Maferinyah Training and Research Centre in a sealed envelope where they will be stored in a locked cabinet. Data will be double entered by 2 independent encoders into a data entry file created using EpiData Entry software (EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark). Reliability will be checked and any inconsistencies in data entry will be resolved. It is planned to perform data entry on a continuous basis from the start of enrolment so that discrepancies are addressed while data collection is ongoing. Data entry screens will be created for each form used in the study. The database will be password protected and only authorized users will be given access. All data will be stored in a GCP compliant server, and data management will respect patient confidentiality. All study documents with the participant’s name (i.e. participants’ contact form) will be kept in a strict confidentiality. Categorical data and treatment outcomes will be summarized as frequencies (%) and compared using χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests as appropriate. Continuous data will be presented using median (interquartile range) and compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Follow-up will be calculated from the date of hospital discharge. The date of fistula recurrence or the estimated date of pregnancy will be selected as the date of events. Patients who do not experience recurrence of fistula or pregnancy will be censored at the last follow up visit. For patients who are reported dead (by the relatives), the date of death will be used to determine their follow-up time in the study. For patients who are lost to follow up (i.e. who move from their village without any address to joint them after inclusion) the date of the last visit will be used. Socio-demographic and clinical differences between those women who remain in the study and those who are lost-to-follow-up will be estimated to check for any imbalances at inclusion. The incidence of fistula recurrence and that of pregnancy will be estimated using the method of cumulative incidence. The cumulative incidence rate will be compared across risk factors using Kaplan-Meier methods. Exposure variables with a P-value <0.2 in the univariate analysis will be included in multivariate models. Exposure variables with a P-value <0.2 in the univariate analysis will be included in multivariate models. A risk factor analysis will be performed using adjusted Cox regression. Associations will be reported as adjusted hazard ratios with 95 % CIs. Analysis will be done using STATA version 12 (STATA Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) with a level of significance will be set at P < 0.05. For the outcomes of pregnancy (miscarriage or abortion, mother and child status at delivery), Pearson’s Chi square (χ2) will be used to compare proportions of these outcomes between potential exposure variables (age group, previous repair (Yes/No), fistula status at hospital discharge, use of antenatal care, delivery by caesarean section, etc.). Logistic regression analysis and models will be used and associations will be reported as risk ratios with a level of significance set at P = 0.05 and a 95 % confidence intervals.

AI Digest

Study Justification:

– Obstetric fistula is a serious medical condition that affects women in low-income countries.
– There is little data on long-term follow-up after surgical repair of fistula.
– This study aims to analyze the factors associated with fistula recurrence and the outcomes of pregnancy following fistula repair in Guinea.
– The study will contribute to improving the prevention and management of obstetric fistula and support advocacy efforts for the social reintegration of fistula patients into their communities.
– It will also guide policy makers and strategic planning for fistula programs.

Study Highlights:

– Longitudinal follow-up study conducted over a period of 4 years.
– Study conducted among women who underwent fistula repair at 3 sites supported by Engenderhealth in Guinea.
– Primary outcome is the incidence rate of fistula recurrence.
– Secondary outcomes include pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes.
– Sample size estimated at 364 women.
– Data collected through interviews, medical records, and follow-up visits.
– Statistical analyses performed using appropriate methods.

Recommendations for Lay Reader:

– This study aims to understand the factors associated with fistula recurrence and the outcomes of pregnancy following fistula repair in Guinea.
– The findings of this study will help improve the prevention and management of obstetric fistula and support the reintegration of fistula patients into their communities.
– The study will also provide valuable information for policy makers and strategic planning for fistula programs.

Recommendations for Policy Maker:

– This study provides important insights into the factors associated with fistula recurrence and the outcomes of pregnancy following fistula repair.
– The findings of this study can guide the development of policies and strategies to improve the prevention and management of obstetric fistula.
– The study highlights the need for increased support and resources for fistula programs, including training of healthcare professionals and improving clinical infrastructure.
– The study also emphasizes the importance of social reintegration and support for fistula patients.

Key Role Players:

– Researchers and study team
– Fistula Counsellors
– Healthcare professionals at the study sites
– Policy makers and government officials
– Community leaders and organizations
– Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working on women’s health

Cost Items for Planning Recommendations:

– Training of healthcare professionals in fistula repair and management
– Improving clinical infrastructure at healthcare facilities
– Community outreach and awareness campaigns
– Support for social reintegration of fistula patients
– Data collection and analysis
– Monitoring and evaluation of fistula programs
– Advocacy efforts for increased funding and resources for fistula programs

Força da prova

The strength of evidence for this abstract is 7 out of 10.
The evidence in the abstract is rated 7 because the study design is clearly described and the objectives are stated. However, there is limited information on the methodology and statistical analysis. To improve the evidence, the authors could provide more details on the data collection process, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the specific statistical tests that will be used. Additionally, it would be helpful to include information on potential limitations of the study and how they will be addressed.

Resumo

This is a longitudinal follow-up study over a period of 4 years conducted among women underwent fistula repair at 3 sites supported by Engenderhealth in Guinea. A cohort will be constituted. Participants who have been repaired at OF treatment sites before the study has started will be included retrospectively and then followed up prospectively (Fig. 1). Study flow chart The primary outcome is the incidence rate of the recurrence of fistula. For the purpose of this study, recurrence of fistula includes the breakdown of a repaired fistula or the occurrence of a new fistula in study participants. At the study sites, the closure of fistula was determined at hospital discharge by a pelvic exam using a dye test. During follow-up visits, women will first be asked about current medical status using the question “does the woman have continuous and uncontrolled leakage of urine?”. If the answer is “YES” then women will be scheduled for a pelvic exam with a dye test for confirmation, at the nearest health facility (health centre or health post). This question is always used at EngenderHealth supported sites to assess women at reception, before further pelvic exam. In addition, the presence of “continuous and uncontrolled leakage of urine” is commonly used as a screening question for fistula in circumstances in which a pelvic exam is not possible (e.g. Demographic and Helath Surveys, DHS); it differentiates between fistula and other forms of incontinence, which are unlikely to be continuous and uncontrolled. In some cases, it might not be feasible to perform the dye test if for instance the woman refuses to go to a health facility. This might lead to a misclassification which can bias the estimate towards a null. However, misclassification is unlikely, since women with continued urinary leakage are eager to report their experiences in order for the condition to be rectified. The secondary outcomes include pregnancy and pregnancy and outcomes (miscarriage or abortion or term pregnancy). Pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes will be documented by a positive pregnancy test from discharge (done at recruitment or during follow-up visit or given at any time by a result from medical records such as antenatal (ANC) card) or by a self-reporting corroborated by 2 witnesses. Maternal status at delivery and mode of delivery (dead or alive; caesarean section or normal delivery; no complication or any complication) will be assessed by looking at the ANC & Delivery card or hospital records or self-reporting. Child outcome at delivery (stillbirth, neonatal death or alive) will be assessed by looking at the ANC & Delivery card or hospital records or self-reporting corroborated by 2 witnesses. Our predictors of interest will include patient characteristics, fistula characteristics, context of repair and context of reintegration. Because women will be recruited and followed-up to record the occurrence of the study outcomes over a period of time, the longitudinal follow-up study design is the most suitable design. Guinea is a coastal West African country with an estimated population of 12 million people [6]. The population is largely rural (65 %) and poor [30]. The Guinean health care system faces many challenges, including chronic shortage of qualified physicians and nurses, and poor clinical infrastructure, particularly in rural and mountainous areas. According to the national action plan for repositioning family planning in Guinea 2014–2018 [20], only 16 % of health professionals (doctors, state midwives and state nurses) work in rural areas where they serve 65 % of the population. Guinea has an estimated lifetime prevalence of obstetric fistula of 0.6 % among women aged 15–49 which ranges regionally from 0.2 to 1.2 % [6], although this figure is likely underestimated. Challenging contextual factors in maternal health include low modern contraceptive prevalence (6 %), concurrent high fertility rate of 5.1, and high maternal mortality (724 deaths per 100,000 live births) [6]. Over the period 2007–2012, the majority of births (54.7 %) were assisted by untrained individuals, and occurred at home (58.8 %) [6]. Since 2012, the Ministry of Health has elaborated a national strategic plan (2012–2016) for the prevention and treatment of fistula [16]. This strategic plan emphasizes the importance of reintegration and support to victims of OF and advocates for more operational and action research that can inform policy. Fistula repair services are available in 4 sites across the country but the study will be conducted with women successfully repaired at the 3 Engenderhealth supported hospitals. From 2007 to 2013, about 3000 OF repairs have been conducted at the 3 Engenderhealth supported sites (Jean Paul II Hospital in Conakry, the Regional Hospital of Labé and the Prefectural Hospital of Kissidougou), where 16 physicians have been trained in obstetric fistula repair, 55 nurses/midwives have been trained in fistula management and 400 − 450 fistula repairs per year have been performed [13]. The study population includes all women who underwent successful repair of OF from January 1, 2012 − June 30, 2015 at the 3 above described fistula repair sites. For the estimation of the incidence rate of the recurrence of fistula, we used the 2-Sided Confidence Intervals for 1 Proportion Confidence Interval Formula [31]. Using the existing data [19] and considering a +/- 2 % margin of error and 95 % confidence interval, we estimate the sample size of the cohort to be 280. We anticipate 20 % loss to follow-up and 10 % refusal rate and accordingly increase the sample size to 364. The same formula provides an estimation of the sample size for the incidence rate of pregnancy [31]. If we estimate the rate of pregnancy to be around 20 % at 24 months’ follow-up among successfully repaired women [20], a sample size of 264 women produces a 2-sided 95 % confidence interval with 10 % precision. Therefore, the sample size of 364 women will be sufficient to describe the objective on pregnancy and its outcomes. All women who underwent successful repair of OF from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2015 at the 3 study sites are eligible for inclusion in study. However, only women with a unique obstetric fistula that was closed at discharge, as measured by a dye test, who provide written informed consent, reside in Guinea and agree with follow-up visits will be included in the study (Fig. 1). Eligible participants who refuse informed consent, who got repair outside the study sites or whose medical records are incomplete will be excluded. Individual medical records of all women who benefited fistula repair at the 3 sites in 2012–2015 will be screened by the study team to identify those who were discharged with a close fistula (Fig. 1). After locating them through their medical records, the study team (that includes nurses called “Fistula Counsellors” who are involved in the management of women at the fistula repair sites) will contact women by home visit in their community to obtain informed consent. Once the informed consent is obtained, the woman will be interviewed for 30 − 60 min by the study team and examined in an isolated place for inclusion in the study. Later, her medical records will be used at the fistula repair site where she got the surgery to collect her sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at the time of surgery. For all women recruited in the study, most retrospectively, new fistula or recurrence of the repaired fistula, pregnancies and their outcomes (miscarriage, stillbirth, live birth, early new-born death, maternal death, and type of maternal complication) will be documented. Health Centres and Health posts around which the study participants live will be used by the study team to perform the dye test in women who report “Continuous and uncontrolled leaking” since discharge or at the follow up visit. The study team will retrospectively screen individual medical records of all women who benefited fistula repair at the 3 sites from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2015 to identify those who were discharged with a close fistula (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Study schedule of assessment Study timeline A home visit will then be conducted within the community to seek informed consent with the repaired women. After obtaining the consent, women will be interviewed. Women who report “Continuous and uncontrolled leaking” since the last follow-up visit will be scheduled for a pelvic exam and a dye test at the nearest health centre or health post. If the case is confirmed as fistula (by a dye test of clinical exam), the woman will be counselled and referred to the nearest fistula repair centre. By this approach, we think that any misclassification of outcome (recurrence of fistula) will be minimal, since women with any continuous and uncontrolled leakage of urine following repair are likely to report it, and any reported incontinence will be evaluated by a dye test. If a woman reports pregnancy, she will be asked to show her antenatal care (ANC) & delivery card on which pregnancy test result is routinely reported. If possible, a pregnancy test will be performed. Otherwise, investigators will rely on woman self-reporting. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of women will be collected from individual medical records at each participating fistula repair site. All investigators will receive appropriate training at the Maferinyah National Research and Training Centre before they go in the field. The enrolment and follow up data are collected using structured and pre tested standardised questionnaires. Both questionnaires will include participants’ current fistula status (fistula close and continent/closed but not continent), post-operative social and reproductive life (marital status, occupation, sexuality, use of modern contraceptive methods, pregnancy, childbirth), and any fistula related complication. Participants’ current full address is also collected to facilitate communication, referral and follow-up visits. After obtaining the informed consent during the recruitment visit, a standardised questionnaire called Baseline form is used to collect the demographic and clinical characteristics of women from hospital records in the hospitals where they were discharged from. This questionnaire includes age at presentation at hospital, marital status, age at marriage, occupation, level of education, residence (rural/urban), number of pregnancies, parity, number of previous repairs, and duration of fistula. Clinical characteristics include mode of delivery related to development of the fistula, neonatal outcome at causal delivery, type of fistula (VVF, RVF or both), status of the bladder neck, nature of the fistula according to the surgeon (simple versus complex), duration of catheterization after repair, status of the operating surgeon (expatriate, local trainer, local trainee), postoperative complications, context of repair (routine repair or pooled repair) and the status of the fistula at discharge (close and continent/Close but not continent). Study forms will be checked after data collection before sending to the Maferinyah Training and Research Centre in a sealed envelope where they will be stored in a locked cabinet. Data will be double entered by 2 independent encoders into a data entry file created using EpiData Entry software (EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark). Reliability will be checked and any inconsistencies in data entry will be resolved. It is planned to perform data entry on a continuous basis from the start of enrolment so that discrepancies are addressed while data collection is ongoing. Data entry screens will be created for each form used in the study. The database will be password protected and only authorized users will be given access. All data will be stored in a GCP compliant server, and data management will respect patient confidentiality. All study documents with the participant’s name (i.e. participants’ contact form) will be kept in a strict confidentiality. Categorical data and treatment outcomes will be summarized as frequencies (%) and compared using χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests as appropriate. Continuous data will be presented using median (interquartile range) and compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Follow-up will be calculated from the date of hospital discharge. The date of fistula recurrence or the estimated date of pregnancy will be selected as the date of events. Patients who do not experience recurrence of fistula or pregnancy will be censored at the last follow up visit. For patients who are reported dead (by the relatives), the date of death will be used to determine their follow-up time in the study. For patients who are lost to follow up (i.e. who move from their village without any address to joint them after inclusion) the date of the last visit will be used. Socio-demographic and clinical differences between those women who remain in the study and those who are lost-to-follow-up will be estimated to check for any imbalances at inclusion. The incidence of fistula recurrence and that of pregnancy will be estimated using the method of cumulative incidence. The cumulative incidence rate will be compared across risk factors using Kaplan-Meier methods. Exposure variables with a P-value <0.2 in the univariate analysis will be included in multivariate models. Exposure variables with a P-value <0.2 in the univariate analysis will be included in multivariate models. A risk factor analysis will be performed using adjusted Cox regression. Associations will be reported as adjusted hazard ratios with 95 % CIs. Analysis will be done using STATA version 12 (STATA Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) with a level of significance will be set at P < 0.05. For the outcomes of pregnancy (miscarriage or abortion, mother and child status at delivery), Pearson’s Chi square (χ2) will be used to compare proportions of these outcomes between potential exposure variables (age group, previous repair (Yes/No), fistula status at hospital discharge, use of antenatal care, delivery by caesarean section, etc.). Logistic regression analysis and models will be used and associations will be reported as risk ratios with a level of significance set at P = 0.05 and a 95 % confidence intervals.

Materiais

N/A

Inovações

Based on the provided information, it seems that the study protocol is focused on analyzing the factors associated with the recurrence of obstetric fistula and the outcomes of pregnancy following fistula repair in Guinea. The study aims to improve the prevention and management of obstetric fistula and support advocacy efforts for the social reintegration of fistula patients into their communities. It also aims to guide policy makers and strategic planning for fistula programs.

In terms of innovations to improve access to maternal health, some potential recommendations could include:

1. Telemedicine: Implementing telemedicine services to provide remote consultations and follow-up care for women who have undergone fistula repair. This can help overcome geographical barriers and improve access to healthcare services.

2. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions: Developing mobile applications or text messaging services to provide educational information, reminders for follow-up visits, and support for women during their pregnancy and post-repair period. This can help improve communication and engagement between healthcare providers and patients.

3. Community-based outreach programs: Establishing community-based programs to raise awareness about obstetric fistula, provide education on prevention and treatment, and facilitate access to healthcare services. This can help reach women in rural areas who may have limited access to healthcare facilities.

4. Training and capacity building: Investing in training programs for healthcare providers to improve their skills in diagnosing and managing obstetric fistula. This can help ensure that women receive timely and appropriate care.

5. Collaborative partnerships: Strengthening partnerships between government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and healthcare providers to coordinate efforts and resources for improving access to maternal health services. This can help leverage expertise and resources to address the complex challenges associated with obstetric fistula.

It is important to note that these recommendations are general and may need to be tailored to the specific context and needs of Guinea.

AI Innovations Description

The recommendation to improve access to maternal health based on the described study is to implement comprehensive and integrated maternal health programs that focus on prevention, treatment, and follow-up care for obstetric fistula. This can be achieved through the following strategies:

1. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure: Improve the availability and quality of healthcare facilities, particularly in rural and underserved areas, to ensure that women have access to skilled healthcare providers and appropriate medical equipment for fistula repair.

2. Increasing awareness and education: Conduct community-based awareness campaigns to educate women and their families about the causes, prevention, and treatment of obstetric fistula. This can help reduce stigma and encourage early detection and timely treatment.

3. Enhancing access to antenatal care: Promote and facilitate access to antenatal care services, including routine screening for fistula risk factors, such as prolonged labor and obstructed labor. Early detection and management of these risk factors can help prevent the development of fistula.

4. Strengthening post-repair follow-up: Establish a robust system for post-repair follow-up care to monitor the long-term outcomes of fistula repair, including the recurrence of fistula and the outcomes of subsequent pregnancies. This can help identify any complications or issues that may arise after the initial repair and ensure timely intervention.

5. Integrating fistula care into existing maternal health programs: Integrate fistula prevention, treatment, and follow-up care into existing maternal health programs, such as antenatal care, family planning, and safe delivery initiatives. This can help ensure that women receive comprehensive care throughout the continuum of maternal health services.

6. Collaboration and coordination: Foster collaboration and coordination among various stakeholders, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, healthcare providers, and community leaders, to address the multifaceted challenges associated with obstetric fistula and improve access to maternal health services.

By implementing these recommendations, it is possible to improve access to maternal health and reduce the burden of obstetric fistula, ultimately improving the overall health and well-being of women in low-income countries like Guinea.

AI Innovations Methodology

To improve access to maternal health, here are some potential recommendations:

1. Mobile Clinics: Implementing mobile clinics that travel to remote areas to provide maternal health services, including prenatal care, delivery assistance, and postnatal care. This would ensure that women in rural or hard-to-reach areas have access to essential maternal health services.

2. Telemedicine: Utilizing telemedicine technologies to provide virtual consultations and remote monitoring for pregnant women. This would allow healthcare providers to remotely assess and monitor the health of pregnant women, reducing the need for in-person visits and improving access to care, especially for women in remote areas.

3. Community Health Workers: Training and deploying community health workers who can provide basic maternal health services, education, and support in their communities. These workers can help identify and refer high-risk pregnancies, provide prenatal and postnatal care, and educate women on healthy practices during pregnancy.

4. Transportation Support: Providing transportation support for pregnant women to access healthcare facilities. This could include subsidizing transportation costs or establishing transportation networks specifically for pregnant women to ensure they can reach healthcare facilities in a timely manner.

To simulate the impact of these recommendations on improving access to maternal health, a methodology could include the following steps:

1. Define the target population: Identify the specific population that would benefit from the recommendations, such as pregnant women in rural areas or underserved communities.

2. Collect baseline data: Gather data on the current access to maternal health services in the target population, including factors such as distance to healthcare facilities, availability of healthcare providers, and utilization of maternal health services.

3. Simulate the implementation of the recommendations: Use modeling techniques to simulate the impact of implementing the recommendations on access to maternal health services. This could involve estimating the number of additional women who would have access to care, the reduction in travel time or distance to healthcare facilities, or the increase in utilization of maternal health services.

4. Assess the impact: Analyze the simulated data to determine the potential impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health services. This could include measuring changes in key indicators such as the number of women receiving prenatal care, the number of facility-based deliveries, or the reduction in maternal mortality rates.

5. Sensitivity analysis: Conduct sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of the results and explore different scenarios or assumptions. This could involve varying parameters such as the coverage of the interventions, the cost of implementation, or the availability of resources.

6. Communicate findings: Present the findings of the simulation study to stakeholders, policymakers, and healthcare providers to inform decision-making and prioritize interventions that would have the greatest impact on improving access to maternal health services.

It is important to note that the methodology for simulating the impact of these recommendations may vary depending on the specific context and available data.

Autor

Dima Health

Statistics:

Citations: 1

Identifiers:

DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1101-y

Research Areas:

Community Interventions, Environmental, Health System and Policy, Maternal Access, Maternal and Child Health, Quality of Care, Sexual and Reproductive Health, Social Determinants, Workforce

Study Countries:

Guinea

Study Design:

Cohort Study, Cross Sectional Study, Grounded Theory

Study Approach:

Quantitative

Participants Gender:

Female

Partilhar isto: