Household energy insecurity: dimensions and consequences for women, infants and children in low- and middle-income countries

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Study Justification:
– Energy insecurity is a significant issue in low- and middle-income countries, affecting the livelihoods of households.
– The dimensions and role of energy insecurity in the health outcomes of women, infants, and children in sub-Saharan African countries have not been thoroughly investigated.
– Understanding the dimensions and consequences of household energy insecurity (HEINS) is crucial for developing interventions and policies to mitigate its impact on maternal, infant, and child health.
Study Highlights:
– The study assessed the dimensions and adverse consequences of HEINS in a sample of 347 Ghanaians and 420 Nigerians, with a focus on women.
– A majority of respondents from Ghana (57%) and Nigeria (80%) had experienced energy insecurity at least once in the last four weeks.
– The experiences of participants were classified into physical, behavioral, and economic dimensions of energy insecurity.
– The consequences of energy insecurity were grouped into psychosocial, nutritional, and disease domains.
Recommendations for Lay Reader and Policy Maker:
– Develop a national and cross-culturally validated scale to assess the prevalence, causes, and consequences of HEINS.
– Implement interventions and policies to mitigate energy insecurity and improve maternal, infant, and child health outcomes.
– Identify modifiable factors that influence the negative impact of energy insecurity on health outcomes.
Key Role Players:
– Researchers and experts in the field of energy insecurity and maternal, infant, and child health.
– Government officials and policymakers responsible for developing and implementing interventions and policies.
– Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations working on energy access and health issues.
– Local communities and households affected by energy insecurity.
Cost Items for Planning Recommendations:
– Research and data collection expenses, including survey administration, data analysis, and interpretation.
– Development and validation of a national and cross-culturally validated scale.
– Implementation of interventions and policies, including awareness campaigns, energy access programs, and healthcare services.
– Capacity building and training for healthcare providers and community workers.
– Monitoring and evaluation of interventions and policies to assess their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments.

The strength of evidence for this abstract is 8 out of 10.
The evidence in the abstract is strong, but could be improved by providing more specific details about the methods used and the results obtained.

Energy insecurity, the lack of access to adequate, affordable, reliable, acceptable, and clean sources of energy for a healthy and sustainable livelihood, poses a challenge to several households. However, the conceptualization of its dimensions and role in the health outcomes of women, infants, and children in most sub-Saharan African countries have rarely been investigated systematically. We assessed the dimensions and adverse consequences of household energy insecurity (HEINS) in a sample of 347 Ghanaians and 420 Nigerians, with over 80% participation of women. The majority of respondents from Ghana (57%) and Nigeria (80%) had experienced of energy insecurity, at least once in the last four weeks. Following the energy insecurity framework, the experiences of participants were classified into physical, behavioral, and economic dimensions of energy insecurity. The consequences of energy insecurity grouped into psychosocial, nutritional, and disease domains. The development of a national as well as a cross-culturally validated scale that embodies these dimensions and domains will facilitate the assessment of the prevalence, causes, and consequences of HEINS. This will eventually enable the development of interventions and policies to mitigate energy insecurity and unearth modifiable factors that influence deleterious maternal, infant and child health outcomes in low-and middle-income countries.

Based on the description provided, here are some potential innovations that could improve access to maternal health:

1. Renewable Energy Solutions: Developing and implementing renewable energy solutions, such as solar power or biogas, can provide households with a reliable and clean source of energy for maternal health services. This can include powering medical facilities, clinics, and equipment necessary for safe childbirth and postnatal care.

2. Energy-efficient Cookstoves: Promoting the use of energy-efficient cookstoves can help reduce the negative health impacts of indoor air pollution on pregnant women and their infants. These stoves use less fuel and produce fewer harmful emissions, improving the overall indoor air quality and reducing the risk of respiratory diseases.

3. Community-based Energy Programs: Establishing community-based energy programs can help ensure that households have access to affordable and reliable energy sources. These programs can involve training local community members to maintain and operate energy systems, as well as providing financial support or microloans for households to access energy technologies.

4. Education and Awareness Campaigns: Implementing education and awareness campaigns can help raise awareness about the importance of energy access for maternal health. These campaigns can target both women and men in the community, emphasizing the benefits of energy security and promoting behavior change towards adopting clean and sustainable energy practices.

5. Policy and Advocacy: Advocating for policies that prioritize energy access for maternal health can help drive systemic change. This can involve working with governments and international organizations to develop and implement policies that support the integration of energy access into maternal health programs and initiatives.

It is important to note that these recommendations are based on the information provided and may need to be further tailored to specific contexts and resources available in low- and middle-income countries.
AI Innovations Description
Based on the description provided, the recommendation to improve access to maternal health is to develop a national and cross-culturally validated scale that assesses the dimensions and consequences of household energy insecurity (HEINS). This scale will help in understanding the prevalence, causes, and impacts of energy insecurity on maternal, infant, and child health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. By identifying modifiable factors and understanding the extent of energy insecurity, interventions and policies can be developed to mitigate its effects and improve access to maternal health services.
AI Innovations Methodology
To improve access to maternal health in low- and middle-income countries, here are some potential recommendations:

1. Renewable Energy Solutions: Implementing renewable energy solutions such as solar power or biogas can provide reliable and clean sources of energy for healthcare facilities. This ensures that essential medical equipment, lighting, and refrigeration for vaccines are available, even in areas with limited access to electricity.

2. Mobile Health (mHealth) Solutions: Utilize mobile technology to provide maternal health information, reminders for prenatal care appointments, and access to telemedicine services. This can help overcome geographical barriers and provide timely support and guidance to pregnant women in remote areas.

3. Community Health Workers: Train and deploy community health workers who can provide maternal health education, conduct prenatal visits, and assist with referrals to healthcare facilities. These workers can bridge the gap between communities and formal healthcare systems, improving access to care for pregnant women.

4. Financial Incentives: Introduce financial incentives, such as conditional cash transfers or subsidies, to encourage pregnant women to seek antenatal care and deliver in healthcare facilities. This can help overcome financial barriers and increase utilization of maternal health services.

To simulate the impact of these recommendations on improving access to maternal health, a methodology could include the following steps:

1. Data Collection: Gather baseline data on the current state of maternal health access in the target population. This can include information on healthcare facility availability, utilization rates, distance to facilities, and socio-economic factors.

2. Modeling: Develop a simulation model that incorporates the potential recommendations. This model should consider factors such as population size, geographical distribution, and existing healthcare infrastructure. It should also account for the potential impact of each recommendation on improving access to maternal health.

3. Parameter Estimation: Estimate the parameters required for the simulation model, such as the effectiveness of renewable energy solutions, the coverage and impact of mHealth interventions, the number and capacity of community health workers, and the potential uptake of financial incentives.

4. Simulation and Analysis: Run the simulation model using the estimated parameters to simulate the impact of the recommendations on improving access to maternal health. Analyze the results to assess the potential changes in healthcare facility utilization, reduction in maternal mortality rates, and improvements in overall maternal health outcomes.

5. Sensitivity Analysis: Conduct sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the simulation results by varying the parameters and assumptions used in the model. This helps identify the most influential factors and uncertainties in the simulation.

6. Policy Recommendations: Based on the simulation results, provide evidence-based policy recommendations on the most effective and feasible interventions to improve access to maternal health. Consider the cost-effectiveness, scalability, and sustainability of the recommendations in low- and middle-income country contexts.

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