Effect of a theory-based nutrition education intervention during pregnancy through male partner involvement on newborns’ birth weights in Southwest Ethiopia. A three-arm community based Quasi-Experimental study

Background Low birth weight is one of the most serious public health issues affecting newborns, with estimates ranging from 15% to 20% of all births worldwide. According to the Ethiopian demographic health survey report, the prevalence of Low Birth Weight rose from 11% in 2011 to 13% in 2016. The high proportion of birth weight in Ethiopia is hypothesized to be due to inadequate maternal diet which is associated with poor nutrition education during pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the effect of theory-based nutrition education during pregnancy through male partner involvement on birth weight in rural parts of the southwest Ethiopia. Study design A community-based quasi-experimental study was conducted. Methods A total of 403 pregnant women were selected from 22 rural kebeles of Illu Aba Bor Zone, Southwest Ethiopia from June to December 2019. Participants were assigned to one of the three study arms: Couple group:—husband and wife received nutrition education together, women alone:—pregnant women received the nutrition education alone and control group:—received the routine care during Antenatal care. The nutrition education was guided by theory of planned behavior. Monthly home visits were made to the pregnant women in the intervention groups and leaflets with key counseling messages were distributed to each woman in the intervention arms. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. A qualitative 24-h dietary recall was used to assess dietary data, and the Mid-Upper Arm Circumference was used to assess nutritional status. Birth weight was measured within 24 hours of birth. Analysis of variance, linear mixed-effects model, and mediation analysis were used to assess effect of the intervention on birth weight. Results A higher proportion of the newborns in the control group had low birth weight as compared to the couple group and the women alone group (18.1% vs 7.0% vs 11.5%, p = 0.037) respectively. The mean birth weight of babies born to women from the couple group was 0.42 kg greater than that of newborns born to women in the comparison group (3.34 vs 2.92 kg, p< 0.001). The linear mixed effect model showed that the average birth weight of babies born from women in the couple group was 0.40 kg higher than that of the control group (β = 0.400, P<0.001). The direct effect of the intervention on birth weight of babies born from women in the couple group was 0.23 (β = 0.227, P<0.001) whereas the indirect effect mediated by maternal dietary diversity practice was 0.18 (β = 0.178, P<0.001), accounting for 43.9% of the total effect of the intervention. Conclusion The involvement of males and the application of the theory of planned behavior in nutrition education interventions during pregnancy resulted in improved birth weight. Maternal dietary diversity mediated the effect of nutrition education on birth weight. The findings highlight the implication of improving pregnant women’s nutrition education through male involvement and the application of theories to improve birth weight. A community-based quasi-experimental study was conducted among pregnant women in rural communities of Ilu Aba Bor zone, Southwest Ethiopia. The zone is one of the 21 zones of Oromia National Regional State, located at a distance of 600 km from the capital in the southwest direction. It is located in the western part of the region, between 340 52 12 "E and 410 34 55E longitude and 70 27 40N and 90 02N latitude. The zone is divided into 14 districts, each with 23 urban and 263 rural kebeles and a population of 934,783, with 467,553 males and 465,792 females. Agriculture is the dominant means of livelihood in the Zone. The study was conducted from July to December 2019. Pregnant women in their first and early second trimesters (up to 16 weeks of gestation) were the study participants. G*Power 3.0.10 [32] was used to calculate the sample size. The following assumptions were used to calculate the required sample size: a 95% confidence level, a 5% margin of error, an 80% power, and a 0.25 effect size (hypothetical difference in birth weight between the intervention and control groups). A design effect of 2 was used, and a 10% loss to follow-up was taken into account. The total sample size calculated was 350. However, the sample size calculated for the baseline survey as part of this project [33] was larger, so that was considered. We enrolled all consenting married pregnant women in their first 16 weeks of gestation because the intervention was to be implemented before the delivery period. Furthermore, pregnant women who had lived in the study area for at least 6 months were included to maintain homogeneity in access to nutrition-related information and health services. Pregnant women with the diagnosis of Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus requiring a special diet and nutritional needs were excluded. Participants were also not included in the analysis for others reasons such as abortion, failure to comply, relocation, and not informed birth weight. In the first stage, four districts were selected. In the second stage, these districts were stratified into three according to the geographic direction and proximity to each other. The districts were allocated to a control group or one of the two intervention groups. Then, Kebeles (the lowest administrative unit) were selected at random from the districts that were selected. Pregnant women were enumerated using house-to-house visits in all of the selected Kebeles, and all that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study (Fig 2). Due to the nature of the intervention, the participants and intervention implementers were not blinded to the allocation. Note: live birth includes the twins and preterm births BW–birth weight. A theory-guided community-based nutrition education intervention on maternal diets was used. The current study was not intended to test a theoretical model; rather, it was useful in directing what types of variables and processes might be important in shaping maternal health behaviors and thus required attention in the intervention. Participants were assigned to one of the three study arms: Couple group:—husband and wife received health education together, women alone:—pregnant women received health education alone and control group:—received no education. After reviewing the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidelines and the Training of Trainers Manual of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the nutrition education protocol was established [34, 35]. The education protocol’s main points were to increase the amount and duration of meals as the pregnancy progresses, as well as to diversify the meals. During each education session, the importance of taking an iron/folic acid supplement and using iodized salt was also stressed. Furthermore, the education protocol included reducing the workload, getting enough rest each day, and using maternal health care facilities. The benefits of consuming a balanced diet and an adequate amount of food were included in the counseling protocol. The consequences of taking insufficient nutrients were also deliberated during the education session. The intervention protocol was described in a previously published paper [33]. Two approaches were used to implement the intervention. These include group nutrition education for intervention groups as well as monthly home visits and counseling for pregnant women to assist them in adopting the recommended practices after the nutrition education. Group nutrition education was given monthly at health posts to husbands and pregnant women together in one group and women alone in the other. The nutrition education was given monthly for three sessions and each education session lasted for 45 to 60 minutes. In addition, one health extension worker (HEW) was assigned to each intervention village to provide counseling and support to mothers. Before going into the field, the HEWs were trained and given counseling resources. All pregnant women seeking antenatal care (ANC) received nutrition counseling following a national standard protocol. Pregnant women in both the control and intervention groups had access to this service. The intervention’s fidelity was assessed using best practice recommendations developed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Behavioral Change Consortium. The criteria were used to evaluate the intervention design, counselor training, counseling process, intervention receipt, and enactment of skills gained from the intervention [36]. The intervention fidelity is described in detail elsewhere [33]. A pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on dietary diversity practice and demographic characteristics, such as household wealth status, household food security status, obstetric-related factors, and the intervention. The tool was developed after a review of various literature and standard guidelines [4, 37–39] The tool was first written in English, and translated into the local language (Afan Oromo), and then translated back to English to ensure consistency. Eight BSc nurses collected the data, supervised by four masters of Public Health professionals and the principal investigator. The data collectors and supervisors received five days of training on the data collection tools and procedures. The primary and secondary outcomes of this intervention were the dietary diversity and nutritional status of the pregnant women, respectively. The final outcome, birth weight was assessed using a digital weighing scale (SECA 876, Hannover, Germany) and recorded by the midwives within 24 hours of the baby’s birth. Before each measurement, the scale was calibrated with a known-weight object. Furthermore, before weighing each newborn, the reading on the scale was reset to zero. The same professionals determined stillbirth (no indications of life at birth after 24 weeks of gestation) and pre-term birth (PTB) (before 37 weeks of gestation) at birth. The dietary diversity of individual women was determined using a 24-hour qualitative dietary recall. Women’s dietary diversity (WDD) is a nine-food-group score that is used to assess a diet’s micronutrient sufficient [37]. The pregnant women were asked to recall what they had eaten and drank in the previous 24 hours, both inside and outside their homes. Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) was used to assess nutritional status of the pregnant women. The procedure involved measuring the distance from the acromion to olecranon processes while the respondents’ elbow was flexed to 90 degree. The midpoint was marked, and measuring tape was placed snugly around the arm at the midpoint mark while hanging arm freely. The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey’s wealth constructs were used to assess household wealth status, which included household assets, utilities, and housing features [4]. The collected data were entered into Epi data version 3.5.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Summary statistics such as mean and percentages were used to describe the study population based on the study outcomes, demographic features, and other pertinent risk factors. The analysis did not include multiple births, premature births, and stillbirths. A chi-squared test was used to compare the baseline characteristics of the two interventions and control groups. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means between the control and intervention groups, and when ANOVA was statistically significant, a post hoc test (Tukey HSD test) was used to determine the level of significance of values between and within groups. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The food groups were categorized into nine food groups. Finally, the food groups were summed to generate a dietary diversity score (DDS), which was ranked into tertile. A detailed description of the dietary assessment is described elsewhere [33]. Principal component analysis was used to construct the wealth index. Then the wealth index was classified into wealth quintiles. The procedure of the wealth index is described elsewhere [40]. The linear mixed-effects model was used to examine the effect of the intervention on birth weight considering kebeles as clusters and birth weights nested within the clusters. Kebeles were analyzed as random effects due to the correlation of observations due the clustering of individuals within the selected Kebeles. The model was adjusted for potential confounders such as maternal age, maternal education, maternal occupation, family size, newborn sex, baseline MUAC, and baseline DDS. Before fitting the model, the normality assumption of the outcome variable, birth weight, was tested using Shapiro-Wilk’s test, and the test revealed that the assumption was satisfied (p > 0.05). We used the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to help us choose the best statistical model. We selected the model that had the smallest AIC. Variables in the bivariate linear mixed regression model with p-values less than 0.2 were selected as candidate variables for the multivariable linear mixed model analysis. The effectiveness of the intervention was determined by examining the interaction between time and the intervention. Furthermore, the nutrition education intervention provided to pregnant women on the importance of eating a diverse diet may have both direct and indirect effects on birth weight. Taking this into account, mediation analysis was also performed to assess the intervention’s direct and indirect effects on birth weight. Birth weight was the outcome variable and intervention was the predictor of the outcome. The dietary practice was the mediator of the intervention effect. The PROCESS macro version 3.4 for SPSS, developed by Andrew F Hayes [41], was used to implement the regression-based path analysis. To explore the relationship between variables and birth weight, a linear regression model was fitted before path analysis. Then, using mediation, the effect of the nutrition education intervention on birth weight was evaluated. The bootstrapping method was employed to determine the magnitude of the mediation effect (made for 5000 drawings). This technique estimates the indirect effect (generating an empirical representation of the sample distribution, treated as a population representation). Participants were also not included in the analysis for others reasons such as abortion, failure to comply, relocation, and not informed birth weight. The study followed the Helsinki Declaration on Human Subjects Medical Research [42]. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jimma University Institute of Health reviewed the protocol and provided ethical clearance (Ref. No. IHRPGD/595/2019). The local authorities were informed about the research through an official letter from the university to obtain their permission. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants after clear and adequate information was provided to them about the research and their right to participation, including their right to decline participation any time they feel to do so. During the study follow-up, mothers and newborns that had health problems were referred to a nearby health facility to seek proper medical care. Mothers with low birth weight babies were counseled on proper newborn care, such as feeding, proper cleanliness, and sanitation, to prevent mortality in this very vulnerable population.