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Background: Worldwide, every year 289,000 women die related to pregnancy and its complications. Nearly, all of these deaths occur in developing countries and more than half of this deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Report suggested that using contraceptives can reduce this maternal mortality by 44 %. Even if, Ethiopia is one of the countries with highest maternal mortality, only 41 % of married women are using family planning. This analysis aimed at assessing factor associated with experience of contraceptive use before pregnancy among women who gave birth in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Ethiopia. Methods: This study was part of data generated for Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Women who gave birth during October 2011 to September 2012 were asked whether they had used contraceptive before getting their last pregnancy. Data were collected by using Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System questionnaire. Both bi-variate and multivariate analysis were used to identify associated factors. Results: The proportion of modern contraceptive before pregnancy among the study participants was found to be 383 (40.9 %). The most commonly used modern contraceptives was Injectable contraceptive 270 (70.0 %) followed by oral contraceptives, 66 (17.23 %). Modern contraceptive use was negatively association with being Muslim (AOR = 0.2, 95 % CI = 0.05, 0.72) and being young mother (AOR = 0.44, 95 % CI = 0.22, 0.86). Rural town residence (AOR = 2.23, 95 % CI = 1.15, 4.35) was found to have positive association with utilization of modern contraceptives. Conclusions: Among women giving birth, only a minority had attempted to delay or prevent their recent birth by using contraception. Being young, being Muslim and living in rural area were significantly associated with low utilization of modern contraceptive. Increasing family planning education and involving religious leaders in family planning promotion would improve utilization of modern contraceptive use.
The analysis used data from Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Kersa HDSS). Kersa HDSS is operated by Kersa Demographic Surveillance and Health Research Center (KDS-HRC) under Haramaya University. The field site is located between 41°40”0’ and 41°57”30’ easting and 09°15”15’ and 09°29”15’ northing. The surveillance system is located in the eastern Hararge zone, Oromiya Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia (Fig. 1). The district (Kersa District) has three climatic zones with the altitude ranging from 1600 to 3200 m above sea level. Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2007, the district has an estimated total population of 170,816 of whom 86,134 (50.4 %) were males and 84,682 (49.4 %) were females; 11,387 or 6.67 % of its population are Rural town dwellers. The population in the district has crude birth rate of 37.2/1000, and Total fertility rate of 5.2. The district has seven health centers at different location of the district. In addition there are seven clinic/health posts and eight private pharmacies [9]. Kersa HDSS district and the 12 Sub-districts included in the surveillance process with altitude variation Kersa HDSS was established with the aim of generating community based health and demographic events in the Eastern part of Ethiopia. The Kersa HDSS covers the whole population in 12 sub-districts of 38 sub-districts that are found in kersa, Eastern Ethiopia. At the start of the surveillance process, ethical clearance was secured from FDRE, National Ethical Clearance Board having the reference number of 3.10/313/03. Consent was obtained from the study participants after they were informed about the study, the objective, out come, benefits and risk associated with the study was given to the study participants. It is an open cohort set up in 12 sub-districts of Kersa district. The site is principally rural including two small rural town (Kersa and Weter towns). The baseline census was done in 2007and since then a continuous population updated is being done twice every 6 months. During the updates, demographic and health events registered. Data is entered into the HRS-2 relational database. At the baseline 10,168 houses and 53,481 people were registered. The sex ratio and person per household was 1 and 5.1, respectively. At the end of 2013 the population becomes 63,000. Kersa HDSS is an INDEPTH member. INDEPTH is a network of Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (www.indepth-network.org). The system uses HRS-2 database. The software is flexible and can export selected data to other software for analysis. This analysis used data collected from women who gave birth during October, 2011 to September 2012. The data was obtained from KDS-HRC through formal request. Open access is granted after the request is evaluated by kersa HDSS team. The detail data sharing policy of Kersa HDSS can be accessed at: [http://www.haramaya.edu.et/research/projects/kds-hrc/kds-hrc-project-data/]. Data were collected by using Kersa HDSS questionnaire. The questionnaire was adopted from EDHS and other relevant research report [2]. All mothers (937) residing in Kersa HDSS who gave birth their last child and identified for maternal health surveillance were asked about their modern contraceptive utilization before they conceived their last pregnancy. Modern contraceptive were defined as using any of the following contraceptives as defined by EDHS: Voluntary Surgical Contraception (VSC), the pill, Intra Uterine contraceptive Device (IUCD), injectables, implants, male and female condoms, lactational amenorrhea method, emergency contraception, and the standard days method [7]. Age of the mother, residence, religion, maternal occupation, maternal education, partner’s education, and average monthly family income, access to media, number of children alive, and knowledge of contraceptive were used as explanatory variables. The outcome variable in this analysis is experience of modern contraceptive use before pregnancy. Modern Contraceptive use in this study refers to use of any modern contraceptive before they conceived their last child i.e. whether she had previous birth or not. Data were collected by personnel recruited for the surveillance purpose. The results were presented in the form of tables, and text using frequencies and summary statistics such as mean, standard deviation and percentage to describe the study population in relation to relevant variables. Further, to identify factors associated with the outcome variable, logistic regression analysis was performed. Variables with p value ≤ 0.2 in the bi-variate analysis were considered for multivariate logistic regression model. Variables having p value ≤ 0.05 in the multivariate analysis were taken as significant predictors. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with their 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. The Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used to assess whether the necessary assumptions for the application of multiple logistic regression were fulfilled and p value > 0.05 was considered a good fit.
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